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Journals / Journal of Family Counseling and Education / 2026 / Sayı: 2026

Measurement Invariance of the Positive Parenting Scale Across Child Gender and Parental Educational Attainment

Olumlu Ebeveynlik Ölçeğinin Çocuk Cinsiyeti ve Ebeveyn Eğitim Düzeyi Açısından Ölçüm Değişmezliği

Eda Biçener(SAKARYA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-9596-6486
Nilüfer Koçtürk(HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-6124-1842
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-07-01
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These results show that PPS scores can be meaningfully compared across parents of girls and boys as well as across different parental educational levels.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Positive parenting is widely recognized as a multidimensional and universal construct encompassing diverse caregiving practices that promote children’s healthy development.
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Key Findings & Data:Ensuring that parenting measures operate equivalently across different demographic groups is essential for making meaningful comparisons in family research.
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Conclusion & Impact:These results show that PPS scores can be meaningfully compared across parents of girls and boys as well as across different parental educational levels.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Olumlu ebeveynlik · okul öncesi çocuklar · ölçüm değişmezliği

Abstract

Positive parenting is widely recognized as a multidimensional and universal construct encompassing diverse caregiving practices that promote children’s healthy development. Ensuring that parenting measures operate equivalently across different demographic groups is essential for making meaningful comparisons in family research. The present study examined the measurement invariance of the Positive Parenting Scale (PPS) across child gender and parental educational attainment among parents of children aged 4-6 years in Türkiye. Data were collected from parents using a convenience sampling approach, and responses were obtained through self-report measures. The participants consisted of a total of 473 parents, including 67.65% women (n = 320) and 32.35% men (n = 153). Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test configural, metric, scalar, and strict measurement invariance of the PPS across the specified groups. The findings supported measurement invariance across both child gender and parental educational attainment, indicating that the scale operates equivalently across these demographic groups. These results show that PPS scores can be meaningfully compared across parents of girls and boys as well as across different parental educational levels. Establishing measurement invariance provides further support for the use of the PPS in research and applied settings involving diverse parent populations in early childhood contexts.

Özet

Olumlu ebeveynlik, çocukların sağlıklı gelişimini destekleyen çeşitli bakım uygulamalarını kapsayan çok boyutlu ve evrensel bir yapı olarak geniş çapta kabul görmektedir. Ebeveynlik ölçümlerinin farklı demografik gruplar arasında eşdeğer şekilde çalışmasını sağlamak, aile araştırmalarında anlamlı karşılaştırmalar yapmak için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de 4-6 yaş arası çocukların ebeveynleri arasında Olumlu Ebeveynlik Ölçeği'nin (PPS) çocuk cinsiyeti ve ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi açısından ölçüm değişmezliğini incelemiştir. Veriler, kolay örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak ebeveynlerden toplanmış ve yanıtlar öz bildirim ölçümleri yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Belirtilen gruplar arasında PPS'nin yapısal, metrik, skaler ve katı ölçüm değişmezliğini test etmek için çok gruplu doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular, hem çocuk cinsiyeti hem de ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi açısından ölçüm değişmezliğini desteklemiş ve ölçeğin bu demografik gruplar arasında eşdeğer şekilde çalıştığını göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, PPS puanlarının kız ve erkek çocuk ebeveynleri arasında ve farklı ebeveyn eğitim düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir şekilde karşılaştırılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ölçüm değişmezliğinin sağlanması, erken çocukluk döneminde çeşitli ebeveyn popülasyonlarını içeren araştırma ve uygulamalı ortamlarda PPS'nin kullanımına daha fazla destek sağlamaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Biçener, E., Koçtürk, N. (2026). Measurement Invariance of the Positive Parenting Scale Across Child Gender and Parental Educational Attainment. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, Sayı: 2026. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.1957646

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