Journals / Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

An Investigation of Perfectionism and Mental Toughness in Athletes

Sporcularda Mükemmeliyetçilik ve Zihinsel Dayanıklılığın İncelenmesi

Ebru Kurtulget(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ (YL) (TEZLİ))0000-0001-8422-1377
Fatma Çepikkurt(Mersin Üniversitesi, BESYO)0000-0002-9096-2873
Pages
104–116
Publication Date
2024-12-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, considering the findings obtained in the study, it can be said that male and female track and field athletes reflect similar perfectionism characteristics and, their mental toughness are similar.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study was conducted to examine the relationship between perfectionism and mental toughness in track and field athletes.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A total of 280 track and fieldathletes participated in this study as voluntarily, 105 female (X age = 20.89 ± 2.33) and 175 male (X age = 21.22 ± 3.38). “Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (SÖÇBMÖ)”, “Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ-14 ” and, Personal Information were used as data collection tools in this study.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, considering the findings obtained in the study, it can be said that male and female track and field athletes reflect similar perfectionism characteristics and, their mental toughness are similar.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Mükemmeliyetçilik · Zihinsel Dayanıklılık · Atlet

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between perfectionism and mental toughness in track and field athletes. A total of 280 track and fieldathletes participated in this study as voluntarily, 105 female (X age = 20.89 ± 2.33) and 175 male (X age = 21.22 ± 3.38). “Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (SÖÇBMÖ)”, “Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ-14 ” and, Personal Information were used as data collection tools in this study. Descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson Correlation Analysis and canonical correlation analysis were applied in the analysis of the data. The results revealed that, male and female athletes did not differ between perfectionism and mental toughness scores. Further, it also shows that the perfectionism and mental toughness scores of track and field athletes do not differ according to their branch categories and injury status. But, according the nationality of athletes, there was a significant difference in favor of national track and field athletes in the personal sub-dimension of perfectionism and in the control sub-dimension of mental toughness. It was concluded as a result of the canonical correlation analysis conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between the perfectionism and mental toughness scores of track and field athletes which is the main problem of this study that, there was a significant relationship between the perfectionism and mental toughness scores of track and field athletes. In conclusion, considering the findings obtained in the study, it can be said that male and female track and field athletes reflect similar perfectionism characteristics and, their mental toughness are similar. National track and field athletes can be defined as mentally overcontrolled track and field athletes having high personal standards. It can also be said that track and field athletes with positive perfectionism tendencies have high mental toughness but, track and field athletes with negative perfectionism tendencies have less mental toughness.

Özet

Bu araştırma; atletlerde mükemmeliyetçilik ve zihinsel dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, 105 kadın (Xyaş =20.89 ± 2.33) ve 175 erkek (Xyaş =21.22 ± 3.38) olmak üzere toplam 280 atlet gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak “Spora Özgü Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği (SÖÇBMÖ)”, “Sporda Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Envanteri (SZDE)” ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, t-testi, Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ve kanonik korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar; erkek ve kadın atletlerin mükemmeliyetçilik ve zihinsel dayanıklılık puanları arasında anlamlı farklılık olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, atletlerin mükemmeliyetçilik ve zihinsel dayanıklılık puanlarının branş kategorilerine ve sakatlık durumlarına göre de farklılaşmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak, atletlerin millilik durumlarına göre mükemmeliyetçiliğin kişisel standartları alt boyutunda ve zihinsel dayanıklılığın kontrol alt boyutunda milli atletler lehine anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmanın ana problemi olan atletlerin mükemmeliyetçilik ve zihinsel dayanıklılık puanları arasında ilişki olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan kanonik korelasyon analizi sonucunda da atletlerin mükemmeliyetçilik ve zihinsel dayanıklılık puanları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; araştırmada elde edilen bulgular dikkate alındığında kadın ve erkek atletlerin benzer mükemmeliyetçilik özelliklerini yansıttıkları ve zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının da benzer olduğu söylenebilir. Milli olan atletlerin ise kişisel standartlarının yüksek olduğu ve zihinsel olarak da daha kontrollü sporcular oldukları ifade edilebilir. Ayrıca, olumlu mükemmeliyetçilik eğilimlerine sahip atletlerin zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının da yüksek olduğu, olumsuz mükemmeliyetçi eğilimleri olan atletlerin ise zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının zayıf olduğu söylenebilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kurtulget, E., Çepikkurt, F. (2024). An Investigation of Perfectionism and Mental Toughness in Athletes. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 104–116. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1554748

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (60)

  1. Akılveren, P. (2017). Investigation of athletes motivational self-talk and mental toughness levels (Master’s thesis). Akdeniz University, Enstitute of Social Sciences, Antalya, Turkey.
  2. Altıntaş, A., & Koruç, P. B. (2015). Examining psychometric properties of the Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ (SZDE). Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(4), 163–171.
  3. Anshel, M. H., Kim, J. K., & Henry, R. (2009). Re-conceptualizing indicants of sport perfectionism as a function of gender. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(4).
  4. Başer, B. (2019). Mental toughness and sports self-confidence in volleyball players (Master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sport Sciences and Technology Program, Ankara.
  5. Bhardwaj, S., Singh, N., & Rathee, N. K. (2014). A qualitative study of mental perseverance and mental concentration among elite and sub-elite wrestlers. European Scientific Journal, 10(8), 202–209.
  6. Cadenas-Suarez, E., Sretkovic, T., Perales, J. C., et al. (2016). Mental toughness and perfectionism in judo: Differences by achievement and age. The relation between constructs. Archives of Budo, 12, 267–274.
  7. Clough, P., Earl, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In Solutions in Sport Psychology (pp. 32–43).
  8. Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701310958
  9. Cowden, R. G. (2016). Competitive performance correlates of mental toughness in tennis: A preliminary analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(1), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516659902
  10. Cowden, R. G., Crust, L., Jackman, P. C., et al. (2019). Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness. South African Journal of Science, 115(1–2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/5271
  11. Cresswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed method research (2nd ed.). Sage.
  12. Crust, L., & Clough, P. J. (2005). Relationship between mental toughness and physical endurance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(1), 192–194. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.192-194
  13. Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry, J., et al. (2004). Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.016
  14. Crust, L. A. (2008). Review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 576–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.005
  15. Crust, L. (2009). The relationship between mental toughness and affect intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 959–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.023
  16. Çepikkurt, F., & Yazgan İnanç, B. (2012). Determining the role of perfectionism and achievement goals for competitive anxiety of college handball players. SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 10(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000219
  17. Çepikkurt, F. (2011). The relationship between perfectionism, competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and attribution style of college handball players (Doctoral dissertation). Çukurova University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Adana, Turkey.
  18. Dennis, P. W. (1981). Mental toughness and the athlete. Ontario Physical and Health Education Association, 7(2), 37–40.
  19. Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of short grit scale (Grit-S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290
  20. Dunn, J. G. H., Causgrove-Dunn, J., & Syrotuik, D. G. (2002). Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.4.376
  21. Ekmekçi, R., & Miçoogulları, B. O. (2018). Examination and comparison of psychological characteristics of American football players and handball players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(11), 2420–2425. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061104
  22. Flett, L. G., & Hewitt, L. P. (2005). The perils of perfectionism in sport and exercise. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00326.x
  23. Flett, P. L., & Hewitt, G. L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  24. Golby, J., & Sheard, M. (2004). Mental toughness and hardiness at different levels of rugby league. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.015
  25. Goldberg, A. S. (1998). Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  26. Gotwals, J. K., Dunn, J. G., & Wayment, H. A. (2003). An examination of perfectionism and self-esteem in intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(1), 17–38.
  27. Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
  28. Gözmen, A., & Aşçı, F. H. (2016). The role of big five personality traits and perfectionism in determining dispositional flow in elite athletes. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.251312
  29. Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of the Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI). Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1293–1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903242306
  30. Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., & Mallett, C. J. (2012). Progressing measurement in mental toughness: A case example of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(3), 194–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027190
  31. Gümüşoğlu, Ö., & Aşçı, H. (2000). The role of perfectionism and mental toughness in determining intolerance of uncertainty in adult athletes. Spormetre: The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 18(1), 96–110. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.551536
  32. Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15, 27–33.
  33. Hammer, C. S. (2012). Mental toughness, servant leadership, and the collegiate distance runner. Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA.
  34. Huck, S. W. (2008). Reading statistics and research (5th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
  35. Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
  36. Juan, M. V. T., & Lopez, A. (2015). Mental toughness of scholar athletes. Researchers World, 6(3), 22.
  37. Kalaycı, Ş. (2009). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (4. baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  38. Kalkavan, A., Özdilek, Ç., & Çakır, G. (2020). Investigation of mental toughness levels of mountain bikers. Atatürk University Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 22(2), 31–43.
  39. Kayış, A. (2009). Güvenirlik analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (ss. 403–419). Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık.
  40. Klibert, J., Lamis, D. A., Collins, W., et al. (2014). Resilience mediates the relations between perfectionism and college student distress. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556- 6676.2014.00132.x
  41. Kurtulget, E., Kaplan, G., & Çepikkurt, F. (2018). Determining the role of passion and mental toughness for burnout at basketball players. Turkish Journal of Sport Science, 2(2), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.32706/tusbid.463998
  42. Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181
  43. Madigan, D. J., & Nicholls, A. R. (2017). Mental toughness and burnout in junior athletes: A longitudinal investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 32, 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.002
  44. Maraşlı, H. (2018). Investigation of relationship between the levels of mental toughness and conscious awareness of young handball players (Master’s thesis). Department of Physical Education and Sport, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey.
  45. Masum, R. A. (2014). Mixed method analysis of mental toughness in elite and sub-elite male and female tennis players in Pakistan. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 1(6), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.16.555
  46. Meggs, J., Chen, M. A., & Koehn, S. (2019). Relationships between flow, mental toughness, and subjective performance perception in various triathletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 126(2), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512518803203
  47. Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., et al. (2004). Developing the mental toughness inventory (MTI). In Self-Concept, Motivation and Identity, Where To From Here? Proceedings of the Third International Biennial SELF Research Conference.
  48. Mohebi, M., & Zarei, S. (2016). The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and mental toughness in elite Iranian taekwondo athletes. International Journal of Sport Studies, 6(8), 476–484.
  49. Mouratidis, A., & Michou, A. (2011). Perfectionism, self-determined motivation, and coping among adolescent athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.03.006
  50. Nicholls, A. R., Levy, A. R., Polman, R. C., et al. (2011). Mental toughness, coping self-efficacy, and coping effectiveness among athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(6), 513–524.
  51. Orhan, S., & Karagözoğlu, C. (2021). Evaluation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental toughness in athletes in terms of various variables. International Journal of Physical Education Sport and Technologies, 2(2), 11–26.
  52. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  53. Porter, K. (2004). The Mental Athlete. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  54. Sheard, M., Golby, J., & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
  55. Slade, P. D., & Owens, R. G. (1998). A dual process model of perfectionism based on reinforcement theory. Behavioral Modification, 2, 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455980223
  56. Slimani, M., Miarka, B., Briki, W., et al. (2016). Comparison of mental toughness and power test performances in high-level kickboxers by competitive success. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(2), e30840. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.30840
  57. Swann, C., Crust, L., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). Surviving the 2015 Mount Everest disaster: A phenomenological exploration into lived experience and the role of mental toughness. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.08.012
  58. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Taylor, J. (1989). Mental toughness (Part 2): A simple reminder may be all you need. Sport Talk, 18, 2–3.
  59. Wieser, R., & Thiel, H. (2014). A survey of mental hardiness and mental toughness in professional male football players. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 22, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-22-17
  60. Yıldız, A. B. (2017). Determination of relation between the mental toughness and the self-efficacy levels of athletes (Master’s thesis). Institute of Health Sciences, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.