SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Physical Activity, Exercise, and Procrastination: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends and Trending Topics

Fiziksel Aktivite, Egzersiz ve Erteleme: Küresel Araştırma Eğilimleri ve Gündemdeki Konuların Bibliyometrik Analizi

Hamza Bugay Yasan(AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, REKREASYON BÖLÜMÜ, REKREASYON ANABİLİM DALI)0009-0008-0457-960X
Elif Köse(AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, REKREASYON BÖLÜMÜ, REKREASYON ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-5490-3534
Pages
117–142
Publication Date
2026-06-27
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the findings indicate that the field is developing rapidly; however, important theoretical, methodological, and cross-cultural research gaps remain.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The global increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) associated with physical inactivity has brought studies on exercise procrastination into the focus of academic attention.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The findings show a marked increase in publication output, especially after 2018, indicating growing scholarly attention to exercise procrastination.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the findings indicate that the field is developing rapidly; however, important theoretical, methodological, and cross-cultural research gaps remain.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2018 Verileri
⚙️Variables:egzersiz erteleme · fiziksel aktivite · bibliometrik analiz

Abstract

The global increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) associated with physical inactivity has brought studies on exercise procrastination into the focus of academic attention. This study aims to examine current research trends in exercise procrastination, identify topic trends related to this behavior, and reveal patterns of scholarly collaboration in the field. Bibliometric analysis and visualization were conducted using the Bibliometrix R package and the Biblioshiny web interface based on data retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Searches were performed using combinations of terms related to exercise, physical activity, and procrastination behavior across the topic (TS), title (TI), abstract (AB), and author keywords (AK) fields. The findings show a marked increase in publication output, especially after 2018, indicating growing scholarly attention to exercise procrastination. Jie Wen and Kaile Ren emerged as leading contributors, while highly cited studies primarily addressed procrastination behavior, self-regulation processes, and contextual factors of health-related behaviors. Trending topics increasingly focus on mobile phone addiction, bedtime procrastination, self-control, motivation, mental health, and physical activity. Collaboration patterns highlight the central roles of China and the United States, with institutions such as Zhejiang Normal University and Beijing Sport University standing out. Overall, the findings indicate that the field is developing rapidly; however, important theoretical, methodological, and cross-cultural research gaps remain. This suggests that future studies focusing on theory development, longitudinal and intervention-based designs, and the development of exercise-specific measurement tools are likely to make significant contributions to the literature.

Özet

Fiziksel hareketsizlikle ilişkili bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların dünya çapında artması, egzersiz erteleme konusundaki çalışmaları akademik ilgi odağına getirmiştir. Bu çalışma, egzersiz erteleme alanındaki güncel araştırma eğilimlerini incelemek, bu davranışla ilgili konu eğilimlerini belirlemek ve bu alandaki akademik işbirliği kalıplarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bibliometrik analiz ve görselleştirme, Web of Science (WoS) veritabanından elde edilen verilere dayalı olarak Bibliometrix R paketi ve Biblioshiny web arayüzü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aramalar, konu, başlık, özet ve yazar anahtar kelimeleri alanlarında egzersiz, fiziksel aktivite ve erteleme davranışı ile ilgili terimlerin kombinasyonları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bulgular, özellikle 2018’den sonra yayın sayısında belirgin bir artış olduğunu göstermekte olup, bu da egzersiz erteleme konusuna akademik ilginin arttığını işaret etmektedir. Jie Wen ve Kaile Ren, bu alana en fazla katkı sağlayan araştırmacılar olarak öne çıkarken, en çok atıf alan çalışmalar ise öncelikle erteleme davranışı, öz düzenleme süreçleri ve sağlıkla ilgili davranışların bağlamsal faktörlerini ele almıştır. Trend olan konular giderek cep telefonu bağımlılığı, yatma zamanı erteleme, özdenetim, motivasyon, ruh sağlığı ve fiziksel aktiviteye odaklanmaktadır. İşbirliği modelleri, Çin ve ABD’nin merkezi rollerini vurgulamakta olup, Zhejiang Normal Üniversitesi ve Pekin Spor Üniversitesi gibi kurumlar öne çıkmaktadır. Genel olarak, bulgular bu alanın hızla geliştiğini göstermektedir; ancak önemli teorik, metodolojik ve kültürlerarası araştırma boşlukları hâlâ mevcuttur. Bu durum, teori geliştirme, uzunlamasına ve müdahale temelli tasarımlar ile egzersize özgü ölçüm araçlarının geliştirilmesine odaklanan gelecekteki çalışmaların literatüre önemli katkılar sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yasan, H. B., Köse, E. (2026). Physical Activity, Exercise, and Procrastination: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends and Trending Topics. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 117–142. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1913116

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (102)

  1. Angwaomaodoko, E. (2024). Understanding the global rise in non-communicable diseases. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 13(12), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2024/v13/i12/dec24050
  2. Aragonés Clemente, M. T., Fernández Navarro, P., & Ley Vega de Seoane, V. (2016). Actividad física y prevalencia de patologías en la población española. Ministerio de Educación.
  3. Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
  4. Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002). Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: Self-control by precommitment. Psychological Science, 13(3), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00441
  5. Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Kooij, J. J. S., Huss, M., Beusterien, K., Sasané, R., Gholizadeh, S., & Hodgkins, P. (2012). Underdiagnosis of adult ADHD: Cultural influences and societal burden. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(5 Suppl.), 20S–38S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711435360
  6. Ayar, İ. (2025). Çin hegemonyasında yapay zekânın rolü: Stratejik analiz ve gelecek perspektifleri. Sosyoekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/izlik.org/JA29FM44KW
  7. Aydınoğlu, A. U., İlhan, A., & Özer, Ö. K. (2023). Bir sosyal bilimler araştırma yöntemi olarak bibliyometri: Akademik girişimcilik örneği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 55, 235–258. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1124926
  8. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  9. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
  10. Bellefontaine, S. P., & Lee, C. M. (2014). Between black and white: Examining grey literature in meta-analyses of psychological research. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(8), 1378–1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9795-1
  11. Bowden Davies, K. A., Pickles, S., Sprung, V. S., Kemp, G. J., Alam, U., Moore, D. R., Tahrani, A. A., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2019). Reduced physical activity in young and older adults: Metabolic and musculoskeletal implications. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018819888824
  12. Boyack, K. W., & Klavans, R. (2010). Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2389–2404. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21419
  13. Bozkurt, A. A., & Çelikkaya, S. (2022). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve bölgesel kalkınma ilişkisi üzerine sosyal ağ analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(4), 657–673. https://doi.org/izlik.org/JA29LY38ZZ
  14. Brainard, J. (2020). Articles in ‘predatory’ journals receive few or no citations. Science, 367(6474), 129. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6474.129
  15. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111
  16. Chen, C., Ibekwe-SanJuan, F., & Hou, J. (2010). The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple-perspective cocitation analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(7), 1386–1409. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21309
  17. Chu, J. S., & Evans, J. A. (2021). Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(41), Article e2021636118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021636118
  18. Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). An approach for detecting, quantifying, and visualizing the evolution of a research field: A practical application to the fuzzy sets theory field. Journal of Informetrics, 5(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2010.10.002
  19. Çalış, H., & Aslan, A. (2020). What is gray literature and how to search for it? Acta Medica Alanya, 4(2), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.707584
  20. Çınar, B., & Avsallı, H. (2023). Uluslararası ticaret alanında yapılmış bilimsel çalışmaların sosyal ağ ile analizi: Bibliyometrik bir çalışma (1980–2019). Gümrük ve Ticaret Dergisi, 10(32), 41–67. https://doi.org/izlik.org/JA35YJ23PL
  21. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
  22. Değirmenci, H., Çetinkaya, A. B., & Karakaş, G. S. (2023). Erteleme davranışının kişilik özellikleri, üstbilişsel inançlar ve endişe ile ilişkisi. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.57127/kpd.26024438m000079XX1
  23. Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
  24. Durieux, V., & Gevenois, P. A. (2010). Bibliometric indicators: Quality measurements of scientific publication. Radiology, 255(2), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.09090626
  25. Exelmans, L., & Van den Bulck, J. (2021). “Glued to the tube”: The interplay between self-control, evening television viewing, and bedtime procrastination. Communication Research, 48(4), 594–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650216686877
  26. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0227-6
  27. Frontiers Media S.A. (n.d.). Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers. Retrieved June 17, 2026, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/about
  28. Haghbin, M., & Pychyl, T. A. (2016). Measurement of health-related procrastination: Development and validation of the exercise and healthy diet procrastination scales. In F. M. Sirois & T. A. Pychyl (Eds.), Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 121–142). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802862-9.00006-2
  29. Harzing, A.-W., & Alakangas, S. (2016). Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A longitudinal and cross-disciplinary comparison. Scientometrics, 106(2), 787–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9
  30. He, Y., Wen, J., Liu, F., Zhou, C., Pan, Q., Qin, X., & Miao, M. (2025). Mapping the links between problematic smartphone use, exercise procrastination, and self-control: A network analysis. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 702. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03051-x
  31. Hu, Y., Cai, X., & Sun, Z. (2026). The relationship between physical activity and college students’ bedtime procrastination: The moderating effect of past time perspective and childhood socioeconomic status. Psychological Reports. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941261428063
  32. Jiang, Y., & Jiang, C. (2025). The impact of maladaptive perfectionism on college students' bedtime procrastination: The chain mediating effects of nomophobia and physical exercise. Acta Psychologica, 260, Article 105504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105504
  33. Jiang, Y., Ritchie, B. W., & Benckendorff, P. (2019). Bibliometric visualisation: An application in tourism crisis and disaster management research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(16), 1925–1957. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1408574
  34. Kaplan, H. E. (2024). Merkeziyetsiz finans (DeFi) ekosistemi: Sistematik bir inceleme ve bibliyometrik analiz. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 56–70. https://doi.org/izlik.org/JA98LC72CW
  35. Kelly, S. M., & Walton, H. R. (2021). “I’ll work out tomorrow”: The procrastination in exercise scale. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(13), 2613–2625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320916541
  36. Khan, S., Alzakari, M., Alsuhaibani, R., Alkanhal, A., Alghanmi, A., Alabdulkarim, A., Salahuddin, A., Huda, A., Moiz, M. U. A., & Alzkari, F. (2025). Assessment of chronic procrastination in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 13(1), Article 414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02764-3
  37. Klingsieck, K. B. (2013). Procrastination: When good things don’t come to those who wait. European Psychologist, 18(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000138
  38. Kooren, N. S., Van Nooijen, C., & Paas, F. (2024). The influence of active and passive procrastination on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Education Sciences, 14(3), Article 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030323
  39. Kroese, F. M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2016). Health behaviour procrastination: A novel reasoned route towards self-regulatory failure. Health Psychology Review, 10(3), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2015.1116019
  40. Köse, E., Aydemir, B., Yerlisu Lapa, T., & Bilge Uzun, N. (2025). Zamansal motivasyon teorisi bağlamında serbest zaman egzersiz erteleme nedenleri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Öz]. 6. Uluslararası Spor Yönetimi ve Rekreasyon Kongresi Özet Kitabı (p. 129). Antalya, Türkiye.
  41. Kuo, P. Y., Wu, N. H., & Jhuang, Y. C. (2022). SleepyCloud: Examining the effect of odor cue on reducing bedtime procrastination. In M. Kurosu (Ed.), Human-computer interaction: User experience and behavior (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 13304, pp. 374–388). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05412-9_26
  42. Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20(4), 474–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90127-3
  43. Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: Managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12102
  44. Li, C., Hu, Y., & Ren, K. (2022). Physical activity and academic procrastination among Chinese university students: A parallel mediation model of self-control and self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), Article 6017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106017
  45. Li, C., Qu, S., & Ren, K. (2024). The role of self-esteem and depression in the relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination among Chinese undergraduate students: A serial mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 17, 3721–3729. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S477659
  46. Li, J., Pandian, V., Davidson, P. M., Song, Y., Chen, N., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2025). Burden and attributable risk factors of non-communicable diseases and subtypes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. International Journal of Surgery, 111(3), 2385–2397. https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000002260
  47. Li, K., Rollins, J., & Yan, E. (2018). Web of Science use in published research and review papers 1997–2017: A selective, dynamic, cross-domain, content-based analysis. Scientometrics, 115(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2622-5
  48. Liu, Y., Wen, J., Cao, R., & Miao, M. (2026). Unlocking action: Meaning in life alleviating exercise procrastination through positive affect and outcome focus. Journal of Happiness Studies, 27(4), Article 50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-026-01032-4
  49. Ma, H., Ma, Q., Ma, Z., & Song, M. (2024). Exploring the complex interplay of procrastination between biological, cognitive, developmental, social, and psychological factors. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 26, 1054–1057. https://doi.org/10.54097/0cwzjj22
  50. Marzi, G., Dabić, M., Daim, T., & Garces, E. (2017). Product and process innovation in manufacturing firms: A 30-year bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 113(2), 673–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2500-1
  51. Meng, X., Pan, Y., & Li, C. (2024). Portraits of procrastinators: A meta-analysis of personality and procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 218, Article 112490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112490
  52. Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science, 159(3810), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.159.3810.56
  53. Miao, M., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., Wen, J., & Zheng, L. (2024). Procrastination in the intention–behaviour gap: Exercise procrastination and the moderating role of emotion. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 74, Article 102672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102672
  54. Miao, M., Wen, J., & Liu, Y. (2025). From procrastination to action: The role of meaning in life in promoting physical activity. Personality and Individual Differences, 246, Article 113330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2025.113330
  55. Nakagawa, S., Samarasinghe, G., Haddaway, N. R., Westgate, M. J., O’Dea, R. E., Noble, D. W. A., & Lagisz, M. (2019). Research weaving: Visualizing the future of research synthesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(3), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.007
  56. Odunyemi, A., Rahman, T., & Alam, K. (2023). Economic burden of non-communicable diseases on households in Nigeria: Evidence from the Nigeria Living Standard Survey 2018–19. BMC Public Health, 23(1), Article 1563. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16498-7
  57. Omotayo, O., Maduka, C., Muonde, M., Olorunsogo, T., & Ogugua, J. (2024). The rise of non-communicable diseases: A global health review of challenges and prevention strategies. International Medical Science Research Journal, 4(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.51594/imsrj.v4i1.738
  58. Özkaya, Ö. (2023). Şaibeli yayınlar ve akademik yozlaşma. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 34(2), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1249872
  59. Paez, A. (2017). Gray literature: An important resource in systematic reviews. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 10(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12266
  60. Pizzi, S., Caputo, A., Corvino, A., & Venturelli, A. (2020). Management research and the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs): A bibliometric investigation and systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, Article 124033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124033
  61. Ragusa, A., González-Bernal, J., Trigueros, R., Caggiano, V., Navarro, N., Minguez-Minguez, L. A., Obregón, A. I., & Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2023). Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1073529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073529
  62. Ren, J., Zhu, T., Liu, W., Li, J., Jiang, J., & Ma, C. (2026). Associations of autonomous motivation and physical activity with mobile phone addiction and bedtime procrastination: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychology, 14, Article 383. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04157-6
  63. Ren, K., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, F., & Peng, F. (2023). Physical activity and academic procrastination in Chinese college students: The serial mediating roles of physical self-perceptions and self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1083520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1083520
  64. Ren, K., Liu, X., Feng, Y., Li, C., Sun, D., & Qiu, K. (2021). The relationship between physical activity and academic procrastination in Chinese college students: The mediating role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), Article 11468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111468
  65. Rozental, A., Bennett, S., Forsström, D., Ebert, D. D., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Targeting procrastination using psychological treatments: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01588
  66. Romanelli, J. P., Gonçalves, M. C. P., de Abreu Pestana, L. F., Soares, J. A. H., Boschi, R. S., & Andrade, D. F. (2021). Four challenges when conducting bibliometric reviews and how to deal with them. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(43), 60448–60458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16420-x
  67. Sharma, G., & Kulshreshtha, K. (2023). Exploring research trends of procrastination: A bibliometric analysis during 2010 to 2020. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 30(10), 4487–4513. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-10-2021-0578
  68. Shu, J., & Jin, W. (2023). Prioritizing non-communicable diseases in the post-pandemic era based on a comprehensive analysis of the GBD 2019 from 1990 to 2019. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 13325. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40595-7
  69. Sirois, F. M. (2004). Procrastination and intentions to perform health behaviors: The role of self-efficacy and the consideration of future consequences. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(1), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.005
  70. Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003). “I'll look after my health, later”: An investigation of procrastination and health. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(5), 1167–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00326-4
  71. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  72. Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Sex, education and procrastination: An epidemiological study of procrastinators’ characteristics from a global sample. European Journal of Personality, 27(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1851
  73. Steel, P., & König, C. J. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 889–913. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2006.22527462
  74. Stöber, J., & Joormann, J. (2001). Worry, procrastination, and perfectionism: Differentiating amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026474715384
  75. Strain, T., Flaxman, S., Guthold, R., Semenova, E., Cowan, M., Riley, L. M., Bull, F. C., & Stevens, G. A. (2024). National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5.7 million participants. The Lancet Global Health, 12(8), e1232–e1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5
  76. Su, X., Li, X., & Kang, Y. (2019). A bibliometric analysis of research on intangible cultural heritage using CiteSpace. SAGE Open, 9(2), Article 2158244019840119. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019840119
  77. Tao, X., Hanif, H., Ahmed, H. H., & Ebrahim, N. A. (2021). Bibliometric analysis and visualization of academic procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 722332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722332
  78. To, P.Y.L., Lo, B.C.Y., Ng, T.K., Wong, B.P.H., & Choi, A.W.M. (2021). Striving to avoid inferiority and procrastination among university students: The mediating roles of stress and self-control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), Article 5570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115570
  79. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
  80. Vandenberghe, D., & Albrecht, J. (2020). The financial burden of non-communicable diseases in the European Union: A systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 30(4), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz073
  81. Velez-Estevez, A., García-Sánchez, P., Moral-Muñoz, J. A., & Cobo, M. J. (2022). Why do papers from international collaborations get more citations? A bibliometric analysis of library and information science papers. Scientometrics, 127(12), 7517–7555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04486-4
  82. Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I.,. Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
  83. Wang, Y., Deng, H., Zhang, X., & Li, H. (2026). Socio-ecological correlates of exercise procrastination and exercise addiction: A preliminary exploratory study using a single-university sample. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17, Article 1787438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1787438
  84. Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhang, W., Li, J., & Liu, B. (2025). Physical exercise and bedtime procrastination among college students: Mediating roles of self-control and mobile phone addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1630326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1630326
  85. World Health Organization. (2018). Physical activity factsheets for the 28 European Union member states of the WHO European Region. World Health Organization.
  86. World Health Organization. (2020). Physical activity [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization.
  87. World Health Organization. (2025, September 25). Noncommunicable diseases [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization.
  88. Wu, R., Esposito, C., & Evans, J. (2025). Shifting power asymmetries in scientific teams reveal China’s rising leadership in global science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(44), Article e2414893122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2414893122
  89. Yan, B., & Zhang, X. (2022). What research has been conducted on procrastination? Evidence from a systematical bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 809044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.809044
  90. Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(3), 596–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9961-1
  91. Yeater, R., Larkin, K., & Ullrich, I. (2001). Exercise adherence in a high-risk rural population: Importance of procrastination [Abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5 Suppl.), S111.
  92. Yıldız, M., & Karakuş Yılmaz, T. (2024). Bibliometric analysis in scientific research using R: A review of Scopus and Web of Science databases. Journal of Data Applications, 2, 31–46. https://doi.org/10.26650/JODA.1462396
  93. Yu, L., Chen, Z., Huang, X., Tao, X., & Lv, Y. (2025). The relationship between physical activity and mobile phone addiction in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 15(10), Article 1325. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101325
  94. Yu, W., Zhou, X., & Li, B. (2025). The relationship between mobile phone addiction and physical activity behavior among university students: The mediating role of bedtime procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1603046. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1603046
  95. Zhang, W., Xu, M., Feng, Y., Mao, Z., & Yan, Z. (2024). The effect of procrastination on physical exercise among college students—The chain effect of exercise commitment and action control. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 26(8), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2024.052730
  96. Zhang, Y., Tian, M. S., Yang, J., Xi, Y., Li, Z. H., & Wang, L. (2024). The effects of procrastination on physical activity among Chinese university students: The chain-mediated effects of time management disposition and exercise motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1433880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433880
  97. Zhao, Z., & Kou, Y. (2024). Effects of short video addiction on college students’ physical activity: The chain mediating role of self-efficacy and procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1429963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1429963
  98. Zhou, Y., & Wang, J. (2023). Internet-based self-help intervention for procrastination: Randomized control group trial protocol. Trials, 24(1), Article 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07112-7
  99. Zhu, J., & Liu, W. (2020). A tale of two databases: The use of Web of Science and Scopus in academic papers. Scientometrics, 123(1), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03387-8
  100. Zuckerman, E. W. (1999). The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the illegitimacy discount. American Journal of Sociology, 104(5), 1398–1438. https://doi.org/10.1086/210178
  101. Zupic, I., & Čater, T. (2015). Bibliometric methods in management and organization. Organizational Research Methods, 18(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629
  102. Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I.,. Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9