SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Turkish Journal of Kinesiology / 2025 / Volume: 11 Issue: 6

Order matters: The impact of plyometric exercise sequencing on sprint, reactive agility, and ball speed in adolescent tennis players

Dilan Kızıl(Gazi University, Graduate School of Health Sciences)0000-0001-6198-8401
Çağdaş Özgür Cengizel(Gazi University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education)0000-0001-7224-8935
Elif Cengizel(Gazi University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Coaching Education)0000-0001-5148-3821
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-12-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Strength and conditioning practitioners may prefer a plyometric training program that includes upper extremity exercises after lower extremity exercises to maximize speed, agility, and forehand stroke ball speed in adolescent tennis players.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This research aimed to determine the effects of different ordered plyometric exercises on sprint, reactive agility, and ball speed in adolescent tennis players.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Twenty-seven adolescent athletes were randomly divided into three groups: Upper-to-lower extremity plyometric training group (UL, n=9), lower-to-upper extremity plyometric training group (LU, n=9), and control group (CON, n=9).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Strength and conditioning practitioners may prefer a plyometric training program that includes upper extremity exercises after lower extremity exercises to maximize speed, agility, and forehand stroke ball speed in adolescent tennis players.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Ball speed · change of direction · linear sprint

Abstract

This research aimed to determine the effects of different ordered plyometric exercises on sprint, reactive agility, and ball speed in adolescent tennis players. Twenty-seven adolescent athletes were randomly divided into three groups: Upper-to-lower extremity plyometric training group (UL, n=9), lower-to-upper extremity plyometric training group (LU, n=9), and control group (CON, n=9). In addition to tennis training, different ordered plyometric trainings were applied for 6 weeks and 3 days a week. To determine the effect of the training, each group completed 10-meter sprint, reactive agility test, and forehand and backhand stroke ball speed measurements in the pre-post-test design. There was a significant improvement in sprint and reactive agility performance in the UL and LU groups (p .05). Significant group × time interactions were observed for reactive agility, and forehand strokes maximum ball speed (p<.05). These findings demonstrate that different ordered plyometric exercises applied in addition to tennis training improved athletic performance in both training groups, while forehand stroke ball speed increased only in the LU group. Strength and conditioning practitioners may prefer a plyometric training program that includes upper extremity exercises after lower extremity exercises to maximize speed, agility, and forehand stroke ball speed in adolescent tennis players.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kızıl, D., Cengizel, Ç. Ö., Cengizel, E. (2025). Order matters: The impact of plyometric exercise sequencing on sprint, reactive agility, and ball speed in adolescent tennis players. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, Volume: 11 Issue: 6. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1793917

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (48)

  1. Alemdaroǧlu, U., Dündar, U., Köklü, Y., Aşci, A., & Findikoǧlu, G. (2013). The effect of exercise order incorporating plyometric and resistance training on isokinetic leg strength and vertical jump performance: A comparative study. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 21(3), 211–217. doi: 10.3233/IES-130509
  2. Baena-Raya, A., Robles-Ruiz, J., Pérez-Castilla, A., Pareja-Blanco, F., & Rodrguez-Pérez, M. A. (2025). Effects of light versus very heavy resisted sprint training on multidirectional speed in semi-professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res, 39(2), e155–e161. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004993
  3. Behringer, M., Neuerburg, S., Matthews, M., & Mester, J. (2013). Effects of two different resistance-training programs on mean tennis-serve velocity in adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 25(3), 370–384. doi: 10.1123/pes.25.3.370
  4. Booth, M. A., & Orr, R. (2016). Effects of plyometric training on sports performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 38(1), 30–37. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000183
  5. Chen, W., & Jia, Y. (2025). Kinetic chain analysis of tennis stroke motion utilizing wearable sensors. IEEE T Instrum Meas, 74, 1–8. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3554882
  6. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge Academic.
  7. Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd Editio). Routledge.
  8. Davitt, P. M., Pellegrino, J. K., Schanzer, J. R., Tjionas, H., & Arent, S. M. (2014). The effects of a combined resistance training and endurance exercise program in inactive college female subjects: Does order matter? J Strength Cond Res, 28(7), 1937–1945. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000355
  9. Deng, N., Soh, K. G., Huang, D., Abdullah, B., Luo, S., & Rattanakoses, W. (2022). Effects of plyometric training on skill and physical performance in healthy tennis players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol, 13, 1–16. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1024418
  10. Ellenbecker, T. S., & Aoki, R. (2020). Step by step guide to understanding the kinetic chain concept in the overhead athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 13, 155–163. doi: 10.1007/s12178-020-09615-1
  11. Enoka, R. M., & Duchateau, J. (2017). Rate coding and the control of muscle force. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 7(10), a029702. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029702
  12. Farrow, D., & Reid, M. (2010). The effect of equipment scaling on the skill acquisition of beginning tennis players. J Sport Sci, 28(7), 723–732. doi: 10.1080/02640411003770238
  13. Fernandez-Fernandez, J., De Villarreal, E. S., Sanz-Rivas, D., & Moya, M. (2016). The effects of 8-week plyometric training on physical performance in young tennis players. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 28, 77–86. doi: 10.1123/pes.2015-0019
  14. Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Ellenbecker, T., & Ulbricht, A. (2013). Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity. J Sports Sci Med, 12(2), 232–239.
  15. Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Sanz-Rivas, D., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2009). A review of the activity profile and physiological demands of tennis match play. Strength Cond J, 31(4), 15–26.
  16. Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Sanz-Rivaz, D., Kovacs, M. S., & Moya, M. (2015). In-season effect of a combined repeated sprint and explosive strength training program on elite junior tennis players. J Strength Cond Res, 29(2), 351–357. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000759
  17. Ferrauti, A., & Bastiaens, K. (2007). Short-term effects of light and heavy load interventions on service velocity and precision in elite young tennis players. Brit J Sport Med, 41(11), 750–753. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036855
  18. Gamlath, G. R. A. C., & Thotawaththa, P. C. (2023). The impact of six weeks of plyometric training program on agility, explosive power, and acceleration performance in young elite tennis players. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 10(4), 45–53. doi: 10.9790/6737-10044553
  19. Garcia-Carrillo, E., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Thapa, R. K., Afonso, J., Granacher, U., & Izquierdo, M. (2023). Effects of upper-body plyometric training on physical fitness in healthy youth and young adult participants: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 9(93). doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00631-2
  20. Gelen, E., Dede, M., Bingul, B. M., Bulgan, C., & Aydin, M. (2012). Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. J Sports Sci Med, 11, 600–605.
  21. Genevois, C., Reid, M., Rogowski, I., & Crespo, M. (2014). Performance factors related to the different tennis backhand groundstrokes: A review. J Sports Sci Med, 14(1), 194–202.
  22. Guo, Y., Xie, J., Dong, G., & Bao, D. (2024). A comprehensive review of training methods for physical demands in adolescent tennis players: A systematic review. Front Physiol, 15, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1449149
  23. Hernández, S., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Moran, J., Pereira, L. A., & Loturco, I. (2018). Effects of plyometric training on neuromuscular performance in youth basketball players: A pilot study on the influence of drill randomization. J Sports Sci Med, 17(3), 372–378.
  24. Horníková, H., & Zemková, E. (2022). Determinants of Y-Shaped Agility Test in Basketball Players. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(4), 1–9. doi: 10.3390/app12041865
  25. Inoue, D. S., Panissa, V. L. G., Monteiro, P. A., Gerosa-Neto, J., Rossi, F. E., Antunes, B. M. M., Franchini, E., Cholewa, J. M., Gobbo, L. A., & Lira, F. S. (2016). Immunometabolic responses to concurrent training: The effects of exercise order in recreational weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res, 30(7), 1960–1967. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001281
  26. Kibler, W. B. (1995). Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 14(1), 79–85.
  27. Lloyd, R. S., & Oliver, J. L. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. Strength Cond J, 34(3), 61–72. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e31825760ea
  28. Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med, 40(10), 859–895. doi: 10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000
  29. Marshall, R. N., & Elliott, B. C. (2010). Long-axis rotation: The missing link in proximal- to-distal segmental sequencing. J Sport Sci, 18(4), 247–254. doi: 10.1080/026404100364983
  30. Martin, C., Sorel, A., Touzard, P., Bideau, B., Gaborit, R., DeGroot, H., & Kulpa, R. (2021). Influence of the forehand stance on knee biomechanics: Implications for potential injury risks in tennis players. J Sport Sci, 39(9), 992–1000. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1853335
  31. Meneses, A., CL, F., Lima, P., Batista, R., Monteiro, M., & Ritti-Dias, R. (2015). Influence of endurance and resistance exercise order on the postexercise hemodynamic responses in hypertensive women. J Strength Cond Res, 29(3), 612–618. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000676
  32. Miranda, H., Simao, R., dos Santos Vigario, P., de Salles, B., Pacheco, M., & Willardson, J. (2010). Exercise order interacts with rest interval during upper-body resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res, 24(6), 1573–1577.
  33. Morais, J. E., Kilit, B., Arslan, E., Soylu, Y., & Neiva, H. P. (2024). Effects of a 6-week on-court training program on the International Tennis Number (ITN) and a range of physical fitness characteristics in young tennis players. Front Sports Act Living, 6, 1304073. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1304073
  34. Novak, D., Loncar, I., Sinkovic, F., Barbaros, P., & Milanovic, L. (2023). Effects of plyometric training with resistance bands on neuromuscular characteristics in junior tennis players. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20, 1085. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20021085
  35. Ölçücü, B., Erdil, G., & Altinkök, M. (2013). Evaluation of the effect of plyometric exercises on the speed of the ball and the hiting percentage during a service. Nigde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 7(1), 49–60.
  36. Pereira, T. J. C., Nakamura, F. Y., Jesus, M. T., Vieira, C. L. R., Misuta, M. S., Barros, R. M. L., & Moura, F. A. (2017). Analysis of the distances covered and technical actions performed by professional tennis players during official matches. J Sport Sci, 35(4), 361–368. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1165858
  37. Petré, H., Ovendal, A., Westblad, N., Ten Siethoff, L., Rosdahl, H., & Psilander, N. (2023). Effect of the intrasession exercise order of flywheel resistance and high-intensity interval training on maximal strength and power performance in elite team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 37(12), 2389–2396. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004556
  38. Pluim, B. M., Jansen, M. G. T., Williamson, S., Berry, C., Camporesi, S., Fagher, K., Heron, N., Rensburg, D. C. J., Moreno-Pérez, V., Murray, A., O’Connor, S. R., Oliveira, F. C. L., Reid, M., Reijen, M., Saueressig, T., Schoonmade, L. J., Thornton, J. S., Webborn, N., & Ardern, C. L. (2023). Physical demands of tennis across the different court surfaces, performance levels and sexes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med, 53(4), 807–836. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01807-8
  39. Prieske, O., Behrens, M., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2020). Time to differentiate postactivation “potentiation” from “performance enhancement” in the strength and conditioning community. Sports Med, 50(9), 1559–1565. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01300-0
  40. Ramirez-Campillo, R, Alvarez, C, Gentil, P, Loturco, I, Sanchez- Sanchez, J, Izquierdo, M, Moran, J, Nakamura, FY, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. (2020). Sequencing effects of plyometric training applied before or after regular soccer training on measures of physical fitness in young players. J Strength Cond Res, 34(7), 1959–1966. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002525
  41. Singla, D., Hussain, M. E., & Moiz, J. A. (2018). Effect of upper body plyometric training on physical performance in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 29, 51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.11.005
  42. Sinkovic, F., Novak, D., Foretic, N., Kim, J., & Subramanian, S. V. (2023). The plyometric treatment effects on change of direction speed and reactive agility in young tennis players: A randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol, 14, 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1226831
  43. Spineti, J., Freitas de Salles, B., Rhea, M., Lavigne, D., Matta, T., & Miranda, F, Fernandes, L, Simao, R. (2010). Influence of exercise order on maximum strength and muscle volume in nonlinear periodized resistance training. J Strength Cond Res, 24(11), 2962–2969.
  44. Tai, M. L., Yang, C. J., Tang, W. T., Elliott, B., & Chang, K. L. (2022). Upper extremity muscle activation during drive volley and groundstroke for two-handed backhand of female tennis players. J Sports Sci Med, 21(4), 586–594. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2022.586
  45. Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Med, 39(2), 147–166. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004
  46. Van den Tillaar, R., Roaas, T. V., & Oranchuk, D. (2020). Comparison of effects of training order of explosive strength and plyometrics training on different physical abilities in adolescent handball players. Biol Sport, 37(3), 239–246. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.95634
  47. Wang, L. H., Lin, H. T., Lo, K. C., Hsieh, Y. C., & Su, F. C. (2010). Comparison of segmental linear and angular momentum transfers in two-handed backhand stroke stances for different skill level tennis players. J Sci Med Sport, 13(4), 452–459. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.06.002
  48. Xiao, W., Geok, S. K., Bai, X., Bu, T., Norjali Wazir, M. R., Talib, O., Liu, W., & Zhan, C. (2022). Effect of exercise training on physical fitness among young tennis players: A systematic review. Front Public Health, 10, 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.843021