SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Schemas and Cyberbullying Behavior in Adolescents

Ergenlerde Uyumsuz Şemalar ile Siber Zorbalık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişkide Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Düzenleyici Rolü

Tuğba Doğan(İSTANBUL TİCARET ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0002-5660-8560
Derya Deniz(İSTANBUL TİCARET ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3839-1193
Pages
30–52
Publication Date
2026-06-16
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Descriptive statistics were calculated, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for group comparisons and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized for moderation analyses The research findings revealed that students’ cyberbullying behaviors were significantly correlated positively with all schema domains except “enmeshment” and “vulnerability” and negatively with all sub-dimensions of perceived social support (family, peer, and teacher).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, moderating role of perceived social support in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and cyberbullying behaviours in adolescents has been aimed to examine.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The sample of the study, consists of a total of 489 middle school students aged 10-14, including 247 girls (50.5%) and 242 boys. “Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires Set for Children and Adolescents Aged 10-16”, “Cyber Bullying Scale”, “Social Support Evaluation Scale for Children and Adolescents” and “Personal Information Form” were used for data collection.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Descriptive statistics were calculated, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for group comparisons and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized for moderation analyses The research findings revealed that students’ cyberbullying behaviors were significantly correlated positively with all schema domains except “enmeshment” and “vulnerability” and negatively with all sub-dimensions of perceived social support (family, peer, and teacher).
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar · siber zorbalık · sosyal destek

Abstract

In this study, moderating role of perceived social support in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and cyberbullying behaviours in adolescents has been aimed to examine. The sample of the study, consists of a total of 489 middle school students aged 10-14, including 247 girls (50.5%) and 242 boys. “Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaires Set for Children and Adolescents Aged 10-16”, “Cyber Bullying Scale”, “Social Support Evaluation Scale for Children and Adolescents” and “Personal Information Form” were used for data collection. Data analyses were performed using R software version 4.4.1. Descriptive statistics were calculated, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for group comparisons and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized for moderation analyses The research findings revealed that students’ cyberbullying behaviors were significantly correlated positively with all schema domains except “enmeshment” and “vulnerability” and negatively with all sub-dimensions of perceived social support (family, peer, and teacher). Additionally, the level of perceived social support played a moderating role in the relationship between the impaired limits schema domain and cyberbullying behaviors.

Özet

Bu çalışmada ergenlerin erken dönem uyumsuz şemaları ile siber zorbalık davranışları arasındaki ilişkide algıladıkları sosyal desteğin düzenleyici rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 10-14 yaş aralığında, 247 kız (%50,5), 242 erkek (%49,5), toplam 489 ortaokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında “10-16 Yaş Çocuk ve Ergenler İçin Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şema Ölçekler Takımı (ÇEŞÖT)”, “Siber Zorbalık Ölçeği (SZÖ)”, “Çocuk ve Ergenler için Sosyal Destek Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SDDÖ)” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Veri analizlerinde R programı sürüm 4.4.1 kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler hesaplanmış, grup karşılaştırmalarında Kruskal Wallis ve Man Whitney U testleri kullanılmış, düzenleyici etki analizlerinde ise Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM)’inden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin siber zorbalık davranışları ile “yapışıklık” ve “dayanıksızlık” şemaları dışındaki tüm şema alanları arasında pozitif; siber zorbalık davranışları ile algılanan sosyal desteğin tüm alt boyutları (aile, arkadaş, öğretmen) arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Ayrıca algılanan sosyal destek düzeyi, zedelenmiş sınırlar şema alanı ile siber zorbalık davranışları arasındaki ilişkide düzenleyici rol üstlenmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Doğan, T., Deniz, D. (2026). The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Schemas and Cyberbullying Behavior in Adolescents. Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 30–52. https://doi.org/10.70989/scd.1921911

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (97)

  1. Agatston, P.W., Kowalski, R. ve Limber, S. (2007). Student’s perspective on cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 59-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.003
  2. Akbulut Y. ve Eristi B. (2011). Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 27(7):1155-70. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.910
  3. Alotaibi, N. B. (2019). Cyber bullying and the expected consequences on the students’ academic achievement. IEEE Access, 7, 153417-153431. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947163
  4. Alrajeh, S. M., Hassan, H. M., Al-Ahmed, A. S. ve Alsayed Hassan, D. (2021). An investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization and depression symptoms: A cross sectional study among university students in Qatar. Plos One, 16(12), e0260263. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260263
  5. Ardahan, M. (2006). Sosyal destek ve hemşirelik. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 9(2), 68-75. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/29313
  6. Arıcak, O. T., Kınay, H. ve Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeğinin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 101-114.
  7. Askari, I. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive‐behavioral aspect of anger: Schema model perspective. Journal of Rational‐ Emotive & Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy, 37(3), 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-018-0311-9
  8. Bolat, D. ve Korkmaz, Ö. (2021). Ortaokullarda ergenlik çağındaki öğrencilerin siber zorbalık davranışları, sosyal medya bağımlılıkları ve sosyal medya bozuklukları. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(1), 253-268.
  9. Bradshaw J, Crous G, Rees G. ve Turner N. (2017). Comparing children's experiences of schools-based bullying across countries. Children Youth Services Review. (2017) 80:171–80. https://doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.060
  10. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2021). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. 29. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  11. Calvete E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 36(7), 1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9229-5
  12. Calvete, E., ve Orue, I. (2012). Social information processing as a mediator between cognitive schemas and aggressive behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(1), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9546-y
  13. Calvete, E., Orue, I. ve Gámez-Guadix, M. (2015). Cyberbullying victimization and depression in adolescents: The mediating role of body ımage and cognitive schemas in a one-year prospective study. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 22, 271–284 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-015-9292-8
  14. Celsi, L., Paleari, F. G. ve Fincham, F. D. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of cyber dating abuse: An actor-partner ınterdependence mediation model approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 623646. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623646
  15. Cho, Y.-K. Y. K. ve Yoo, J. W. J.-W. (2017). Cyberbullying, internet and SNS usage types, and perceived social support: A comparison of different age groups. Information Communication and Society, 20(10), 1464–1481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1228998
  16. Cohen, S. ve Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  17. Cosma, A., Bjereld, Y., Elgar, F. J., Richardson, C., Bilz, L., Craig, W., Augustine, L., Molcho, M., Malinowska-Cieslik, M. ve Walsh, S. D. (2022). Gender differences in bullying reflect societal gender inequality: A multilevel study with adolescents in 46 countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 71(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.015
  18. Çakar, M. (2024). Ergenlerde erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile riskli davranışlar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi.
  19. Davis, T., Ammons, C., Dahl, A. ve Kliewer, W. (2015). Community violence exposure and callous–unemotional traits in adolescents: Testing parental support as a promotive versus protective factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.024
  20. Despoti, G., Kokkinos, C. M. ve Fanti, K. A. (2021). Bullying, victimization, and psychopathy in early adolescents: The moderating role of social support. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(5), 747–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1858787
  21. Ding Y, Li D, Li X, Xiao J, Zhang H. ve Wang Y (2020). Profiles of adolescent traditional and cyber bullying and victimization: The role of demographic, individual, family, school, and peer factors. Computers Human Behavior 111:106439 https://doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106439
  22. Dozois, D. J., Martin, R. A. ve Faulkner, B. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas, styles of humor and aggression. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 26(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2013-0006
  23. Dubow, E. F. ve Ullman, D. G. (1989). Assessing social support in elementary school children: The survey of children’s social support. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 18(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1801_7
  24. Erdur, Ö. B. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 0(27), 31- 42.
  25. Erkuş, A. (2011). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. (4. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  26. Estévez, A., Chávez-Vera, M. D., Momeñe, J., Olave, L. ve Iruarrizaga, I. (2021). Role of attachment and early maladaptive schemas in the impulsive behaviour of adolescents. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 53, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2021.v53.16
  27. Fang, J., Wang, W., Gao, L., Yang, J., Wang, X., Wang, P. ve Wen, Z. (2022). Childhood maltreatment and adolescent cyberbullying perpetration: a moderated mediation model of callous-unemotional traits and perceived social support. Journal of İnterpersonal Violence, 37(7-8), NP5026–NP5049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520960106
  28. Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, A. G. ve Hawa, V. V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining risk and protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.643169
  29. Faura-Garcia, J., Orue, I. ve Calvete, E. (2021). Cyberbullying victimization and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents: The role of maladaptive schemas and dispositional mindfulness. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, 105135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105135
  30. Fernández-González, L., Orue, I., Adrián, L.ve Calvete, E. (2022). Child-to-parent aggression and dating violence: Longitudinal associations and the predictive role of early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Family Violence, 37(1), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00269-2
  31. Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., Espelage, D. L. ve Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.002
  32. Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Cyberbullying in adolescents and youth in the Basque Country: Prevalence of cybervictims, cyberaggressors, and cyberobservers. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(5), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2014.992324
  33. Gökler, I. (2007). Çocuk ve ergenler için sosyal destek değerlendirme ölçeği Türkçe formunun uyarlama çalışması: Faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 14(2), 90- 99.
  34. Güner, O. (2013). 10-16 Yaş Çocuk ve Ergenler İçin Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şema Ölçekler Takımı (ÇEŞÖT)’nın geçerlik, güvenirlik ve norm çalışması [Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi https://katalog.marmara.edu.tr/veriler/yordambt/cokluortam/1D/eTez023367.pdf
  35. Gürkan, H., Atabay, E. ve Gezgin, D. M. (2022). Lise öğrencileri arasında dijital şiddet: Siber zorbalık, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ve medya okuryazarlık arasındaki ilişki. Trakya Eğitim Dergisi, 12(3), 1799-1820. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.1115385
  36. Handono, S. G., Laeheem, K. ve Sittichai, R. (2019). Factors related with cyberbullying among the youth of Jakarta, Indonesia. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.012
  37. Hellfeldt, K., López-Romero, L. ve Andershed, H. (2020). Cyberbullying and psychological well-being in young adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010045
  38. Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, Corwin Press.
  39. Hosseini, S., Rahimi, F., & Nouri, R. (2016). On the effectiveness of the early maladaptive schemas and social support on the level of mental health in female students with romantic relationship. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 92–103. https://ijpras.com/storage/models/article/Ppzb0r90UizzlPKO9mgtHfDlcZopH9CAokZXkmtzp2gt1u458t9TuNbEA3Rr/on-the-effectiveness-of-the-early-maladaptive-schemas-and-social-support-on-the-level-of-mental-he.pdf
  40. Huang, Y. Y. ve Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in human behavior, 26(6), 1581-1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.005 Huang, Y., Gan, X., Jin, X., Rao, S., Guo, B., He, Z. Ve Wei, Z. (2023). The relationship between the dark triad and bullying among Chinese adolescents: The role of social exclusion and sense of control. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1173860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173860
  41. Huang, L. S., Molenberghs, P., ve Mussap, A. J. (2023). Cognitive distortions mediate relationships between early maladaptive schemas and aggression in women and men. Aggressive Behavior, 49(4), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22083
  42. Janovsky, T., Rock, A. J., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Clark, G. I. ve Murray, C. V. (2020). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 27(3), 408–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2439
  43. Jin, T. L., Wu, Y. T., Zhang, L., Li, X.ve Liu, Z. H. (2020). Childhood psychological maltreatment and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: The moderating roles of perceived social support and gender. Journal of Psychological Science, 43(2), 323–332.
  44. Juvonen J. ve Gross EF. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health 78(9):496-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
  45. Kahi, M., Heidari, Z., Esmaeili, M., Samouei, R. ve Amini-Rarani, M. (2024). From screens to minds: The connection between cyberbullying, psychological well‐being, and the mediating role of perceived social support in high school students. Advances in Public Health, 2024(1), 6662382. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6662382
  46. Ke, M., Xie, Q., Huang, Y., Li, X., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Bi, T. ve Kou, H. (2024). The effect of social support on aggression among male juvenile delinquents in China: The multiple mediated role of trait mindfulness and self-control/impulsivity. Deviant Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2024.2394817
  47. Keleş, A. ve Tagay, Ö. (2025). Ergenlerin siber zorbalık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (73), 734-757. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1543367
  48. Kıran, F., Kalyon, A. ve Koca, F. (2025). Ergenlerde siber zorbalık: bilişsel esneklik ve duygusal zekanın rolü. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 64, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.1381030
  49. Kırcallıoğlu, M. ve Şimşek Orhon, F. (2022). Relations of cyber bullying sensitivity to perceived social support and to parent and peer attachments in high school students. Current Research and Reviews in Psychology and Psychiatry, 2(1), 11-29. https://izlik.org/JA68ZT59TN
  50. Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N. ve Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
  51. Lei, H., Mao, W., Cheong, C. M., Wen, Y., Cui, Y., ve Cai, Z. (2020). The relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying: A meta-analysis of children and youth students. Current Psychology, 39(3), 830-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00407-6
  52. Leung, A. N. M., Wong, N. ve Farver, J. M. (2018). Cyberbullying in Hong Kong Chinese students: Life satisfaction, and the moderating role of friendship qualities on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.016
  53. Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(4), 435-454. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1245
  54. Li, Q. (2008). A cross cultural comparison of adolescents' experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50(3), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880802309333
  55. López-Larrañaga, M. ve Orue, I. (2019). Interaction of psychopathic traits in the prediction of cyberbullying behavior. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.23932
  56. Mallmann, C. L., de Macedo Lisboa, C. S. ve Calza, T. Z. (2017). Cyberbullying e esquemas ıniciais desadaptativos em adolescentes brasileiros. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 26(2), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v26n2.60631
  57. Mehari, K. R. ve Farrell, A. D. (2018). Where does cyberbullying fit? A comparison of competing models of adolescent aggression. Psychology of Violence, 8(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000081
  58. Mitchel, M. S. (2011). Cyberbullying and academic achievement: Research ınto the rates of ıncidence, knowledge of consequences, and behavioral patterns of cyberbullying. [Doctoral dissertations, University of Connecticut]. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI3475527
  59. Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, SimonsMorton B. ve Scheidt P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama 285(16):2094-100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
  60. Navarro, R., Yubero, S. ve Larrañaga, E. (2015). Psychosocial risk factors for involvement in bullying behaviors: Empirical comparison between cyberbullying and social bullying victims and bullies. School Mental Health, 7(4), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-015-9157-9
  61. Özkan, Y., Sadıç, Ç. Ç., Özmutlu, A. G., Kara, A. ve Gerçek, H. G. (2025). Examining the link between impulsivity, internet addiction, cyberbullying, and cybervictimization among adolescents in a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, 47(3), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1619413
  62. Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Nocentini, A., Fida, R. ve Menesini, E. (2019). The role of traditional and online moral disengagement on cyberbullying: Do externalising problems make any difference? Computers in Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.024
  63. Pala, S. C., Ünsal, A., Emiral, G. O., Demirtaş, Z., Zencirci, S. A., Tözün, M. ve Arslantas, D. (2021). Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 84(1), 104- 112. https://doi.org/10.26650/Iuıtfd.2019.0106
  64. Pan, B., Gong, Y., Guo, M., Wang, X., Lu, H., Lin, Z. ve Zhang, B. (2025). Negative affect and impulsivity in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury: the moderating and mediating roles of perceived social support. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 21, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S498951
  65. Peker, A. ve Eroğlu, Y. (2015). Ergenlerde algılanan sosyal destek ve siber zorbalığa eğilim arasındaki ilişkiler: Arkadaştan ve öğretmenden algılanan sosyal desteğin aracı rolü. Turkish Studies, 10(3), 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.7693
  66. Pepler, D.J., Craig, W.M., Connolly, J.A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L. ve Jiang, D. (2006). A developmental perspective on bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 32, 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20136
  67. Rada, C., Neagu, A.-E., Marinescu, V., Rodideal, A.-A. ve Lunga, R.-A. (2025). The impact of childhood abuse on the development of early maladaptive schemas and the expression of violence in adolescents. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070854
  68. Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D. P. ve Young, J. E. (2013). Şema terapi ayırıcı özellikler (7. baskı). (Çev. Ed. H. A. Karaosmanoğlu ve N. Azizlerli). Psikonet Yayınları.
  69. Raskauskas J. ve Huynh A. (2015). The process of coping with cyberbullying: a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behaviour. 23:118–25. https://doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.019
  70. Rodop, Ş., Yıldırım, S., Yildiz, P. D. ve Hanif, A. G. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık: başa çıkma stratejileri, değer yönelimleri ve akademik başarılarıyla ilişkileri. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(26), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.52528/genclikarastirmalari.899396
  71. Sabra, A. I. ve Hassan, L. A. A. (2020). Role of perceived social support on self-esteem and aggression among adolescents. Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal, 19(2), 174-191. https://doi.org/10.21608/tsnj.2020.131970
  72. Salekin, R. T. (2018). Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM–5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders Theory, Research, & Treatment, 7(2), 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000150
  73. Saylor, C. F. ve Leach, J. B. (2009). Perceived bullying and social support in students accessing special inclusion programming. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 21(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-008-9126-4
  74. Seto, K. W. (2002). How should legislation deal with children as victims and perpetrators of cyberstalking? Cardozo Women’s Law Journal, 9, 67–72.
  75. Shahbeik, S., Moazedian, A., Sabahi, P. ve Khanmohammadi Otaghsara, A. (2023). A structural model of depression based on early maladaptive schemas and perceived social support mediated by hope in cancer patients. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 18, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aftj.3.4.16
  76. Sorias, O. (1988). Sosyal destek kavramı. Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27 (1), 353-357.
  77. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  78. Tarçalır Erol, B. (2015). Investigating early maladaptive schemas among secondary school children in regard to peer bullying and victimization [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  79. Topçu, Ç. (2008). The relationship of cyber bullying to empathy, gender, traditional bullying, ınternet use and adult monitoring. [Master dissertation. Middle East Technical University]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi
  80. Tremblay, P. F. ve Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Another perspective on trait aggressiveness: Overlap with early maladaptive schemas. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.009
  81. Türk, B. ve Şenyuva, G. (2021). Şiddet sarmalı içinden siber zorbalık: Bir gözden geçirme. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 462-479. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.901032
  82. Vagos, P., Fabris, M. A. ve Rijo, D. (2025). Cognitive pathways to the forms and functions of aggression in adolescence: the role of early maladaptive schemas and social information processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1431756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1431756
  83. Van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F. ve Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the big five, dark triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063
  84. Van Geel, M., Vedder, P. ve Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying and suicide in children and adolescents: A metaanalysis. Jama Pediatrics, 168(5), 435-442. https://doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4143
  85. Van Wijk-Herbrink, M. F., Lobbestael, J., Bernstein, D. P., Broers, N. J., Roelofs, J. ve Arntz, A. (2021). The influence of early maladaptive schemas on the causal links between perceived injustice, negative affect, and aggression. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 20(2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2020.1842562
  86. Wang, P., Wang, X. ve Lei, L. (2019). Gender differences between student–student relationship and cyberbullying perpetration: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), 9187-9207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519865970
  87. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590
  88. Wright, M.F. (2015). Adolescents’ cyber aggression perpetration and cyber victimization: The longitudinal associations with school functioning. Social Psychology of Education 18, 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-015-9318-6
  89. Wu, J., Shao, Y., ve Zang, W. (2025). Perceived social support and self-esteem predict cyberbullying among rural left-behind adolescents. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 24676. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10803-7
  90. Yağmur, B., ve Arıcak, O. (2022). The relationship between early maladaptive schema and problematic mobile phone use among adolescent female. Research on Education and Psychology, 6(2), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1075894
  91. Yang, J., Wang, N., Gao, L., & Wang, X. (2021). Deviant peer affiliation and adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration: Online disinhibition and perceived social support as moderators. Children and Youth Services Review, 127, Article 106066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106066
  92. Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. ve Weishaar, M. E. (2009). Şema terapi: Uygulayıcı rehberi (T. V. Soylu, Çev.; 10. bs.). Litera Yayıncılık.
  93. Yousefpour, N. (2022). Predicting bullying and antisocial behaviors based on early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms in drug abusers. Scientific Quarterly Research on Addiction, 16(63), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.63.285
  94. Yu, G., Li, S.ve Zhao, F. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and prosocial behavior among Chinese adolescents: Roles of empathy and gratitude. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104319
  95. Zhang S, Liu Q, Jia M, Zhang Q ve Zhang L (2025) The predictive roles of self-compassion, perceived social support, and psychological flexibility in early maladaptive schemas among college students: an exploration based on latent profile analysis. Front. Psychol. 16:1619308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1619308
  96. Zhu, C., Huang, S., Evans, R. ve Zhang, W. (2021). Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: A comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 634909. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.634909
  97. Zsila, Á., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2019). Gender differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration: The role of anger rumination and traditional bullying experiences. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(5), 1252–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9893-9