SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Psikoloji Çalışmaları / 2025 / Cilt: 45 Sayı: 3

The Moderating Role of Digital Leadership in the Association Between Remote Work Attitudes and Organizational Alienation

Uzaktan Çalışma Tutumları ile Örgütsel Yabancılaşma Arasındaki İlişkide Dijital Liderliğin Düzenleyici Rolü

Yasemin Akant(Alternatif Bank)0009-0007-8911-749X
Derya Deniz(ISTANBUL COMMERCE UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-3839-1193
Pages
372–393
Publication Date
2025-12-22
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results indicate that positive attitudes toward remote work have a significant and positive association with organizational alienation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Rapid advancements in information and communication technologies have revolutionized the modern organiza0 tional landscape, enabling seamless access to networks and significantly increasing the potential for remote work.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Particularly following the global impact of the COVID019 pandemic, remote work practices have become deeply entrenched; however, employees’ attitudes toward these flexible arrangements vary considerably.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results indicate that positive attitudes toward remote work have a significant and positive association with organizational alienation.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Dijital liderlik · liderlik · örgütsel yabancılaşma

Abstract

Rapid advancements in information and communication technologies have revolutionized the modern organiza0 tional landscape, enabling seamless access to networks and significantly increasing the potential for remote work. Particularly following the global impact of the COVID019 pandemic, remote work practices have become deeply entrenched; however, employees’ attitudes toward these flexible arrangements vary considerably. This variation has precipitated both positive and negative consequences for individual well0being and organizational cohesion. One significant adverse effect is the phenomenon of organizational alienation. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the predictive relationship between remote work attitudes and organizational alienation, while specifically examining the moderating role of digital leadership within this dynamic. The study employed quantitative research design with data collected in the second half of 2023. The measurement tools included a socio0demographic form, the Remote Working Attitudes Scale, the Alienation Scale, and the Digital Leadership Scale. Participants comprised white0collar employees within the banking sector who operated under remote or hybrid models. The study sample comprised 363 participants. Analyses performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27 included Pearson correlation, linear regression, and the Hayes Process Macro for moderation. The results indicate that positive attitudes toward remote work have a significant and positive association with organizational alienation. This model explains 13.7% of the variance in the organizational alienation variable. Furthermore, digital leadership plays a moderating role in this relationship. Higher levels of digital leadership mitigate the increase in organizational alienation associated with more positive attitudes toward remote work. These findings underscore the growing importance of managerial competence in digital leadership to address the potential psychological challenges associated with remote work arrangements.

Özet

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişmeler, ağlara kesintisiz erişim sağlayarak ve uzaktan çalışma potansiyelini önemli ölçüde artırarak modern örgütsel yapıda devrim yaratmıştır. Özellikle COVID019 pandemisinin küresel etkisinin ardından uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları iyice yerleşmiş olsa da çalışanların bu esnek düzenlemelere yönelik tutum0 ları önemli ölçüde farklılık göstermektedir. Bu değişkenlik hem bireysel esenlik hem de örgütsel bütünlük açısından olumlu ve olumsuz sonuçlara yol açmıştır. Önemli olumsuz etkilerden biri, örgütsel yabancılaşma olgusudur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, uzaktan çalışma tutumları ile örgütsel yabancılaşma arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkiyi analiz etmek ve özellikle dijital liderliğin bu dinamik içindeki düzenleyici rolünü incelemektir. Nicel araştırma deseninin kullanıldığı çalışmada veriler 2023 yılının ikinci yarısında toplanmıştır. Ölçüm araçları arasında sosyo0demografik bilgi formu, Uzaktan Çalışma Tutumları Ölçeği, Yabancılaşma Ölçeği ve Dijital Liderlik Ölçeği yer almaktadır. Katılım0 cılar, bankacılık sektöründe uzaktan veya hibrit modellerle görev yapan beyaz yakalı çalışanlardan oluşmakta olup çalışma örneklemi 363 katılımcıyı kapsamaktadır. IBM SPSS Statistics 27 kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen analizler; Pearson korelasyon, doğrusal regresyon ve moderasyon için Hayes Process Macro analizlerini içermektedir. Sonuçlar, uzaktan çalışmaya yönelik olumlu tutumların örgütsel yabancılaşma ile anlamlı ve pozitif yönde bir ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu model, örgütsel yabancılaşma değişkenindeki varyansın %13,7'sini açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca, dijital liderlik bu ilişkide düzenleyici bir rol oynamaktadır. Daha güçlü dijital liderlik düzeyi, uzaktan çalışmaya yönelik olumlu tutumlarla ilişkilendirilen örgütsel yabancılaşmadaki artışı hafifletmektedir. Bu bulgular, uzaktan çalışma düzenlemeleriyle ilişkili olası psikolojik zorlukları ele almada dijital liderlikteki yönetsel yetkinliğin artan önemini vurgulamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akant, Y., Deniz, D. (2025). The Moderating Role of Digital Leadership in the Association Between Remote Work Attitudes and Organizational Alienation. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 3, 372–393. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2025-1696747

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (119)

  1. Acebuche, A. (2024). Digital leadership towards effective school management: A systematic review. Psychology and Education: A Multi-dlsclpllnary Journal, 16(2), 174-185. doi: 10.528l/zenodo.10451815 google scholar
  2. Aiken, M., & Hage, J. (1966). Organizational alienation: A comparative analysis. American Sociological Revlew, 497-507. https://2090773doi.org/10.2307/ google scholar
  3. Akça, M., & Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71-81. google scholar
  4. Aksoy, C. (2024). İşletmelerin dijital donuşumu ve dijital liderlik yaklaşımı. Trakya Üniversitesi Kalite ve Strateji Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(i), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.56682/ksydergi.1364569 google scholar
  5. Alkhayyal, S., & Bajaba, S. (2024). Countering technostress in virtual work environments: The role of work-based learning and digital leadership in enhancing employee well-being. Acta Psychologica, 248, 104377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104377 google scholar
  6. Almer, E. D., & Single, L. E. (2004). Career consequences of flexible work arrangements: The daddy track. The CPA Journal, 74(9), 56-58. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.20572 google scholar
  7. Alr0, H., & Dahi, P. N. (2015). Dialogic feedforward in group coaching. International Journal of Action Research, 11(3), 317-338. https://doi. org/10.1688/IJAR-2015-03-Alro google scholar
  8. Arı, E. (2022). Liderlikte güdülenme ve duygular. İn G. Malkoç, U. Dural, & F. G. Kardeş (Eds.), Güdülenme ve duygular - Biyo-psiko-sosyal yaklaşımlar (pp. 559-616). Nobel Yayınevi. google scholar
  9. Asfahani, A. M. (2025). Navigating digital leadership: Unraveling the dynamics of remote work environments. TEM Journal, 14(1), 823835. doi:10.18421/tem141-73 google scholar
  10. Atay, V. (2021). Presenteizm ile örgütsel yabancılaşma ilişkisi: Van ili otel işletmeleri örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 51, 307-324. google scholar
  11. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K. C., Deller, J., & Stahl, G. (2000). İmpact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10-country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 192-221. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00010 google scholar
  12. Banai, M., & Weisberg, J. (2003). Alienation in state-owned and private companies in Russia. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 19(3), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5221(02)00005-2 google scholar
  13. Bartsch, S., Weber, E., Büttgen, M., & Huber, A. (2021). Leadership matters in crisis-induced digital transformation: How to lead service employees effectively during the COVİD-19 pandemic. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0150 google scholar
  14. Başbüyük, B. (2023). Uzaktan çalışmanın bir türü olarak tele çalışmada işçinin dinlenme hakkı. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29(1), 656-678. https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.1283707 google scholar
  15. Başol, O., & Çömlekçi, M. F. (2022).Uzaktan çalışmanın sosyal ve demografik değişkenlerle ilişkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(3), 755-776. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.941442 google scholar
  16. Bentley, T. A., Teo, S. T. T., McLeod, L., Tan, F., Bosua, R., & Gloet, M. (2016). The role of organisational support in teleworker wellbeing: A socio-technical systems approach. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.019 google scholar
  17. Blauner, R. (1964). Alienation and freedom. University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  18. Büyükbeşe, T., & Doğan, Ö. (2022). Dijital liderliğin yenilikçi iş davranışı ve iş performansı üzerine etkisi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 14(26), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1072185 google scholar
  19. Büyükbeşe, T., Dikbaş, T., Klein, M., & Ünlü, B. S. (2022). Dijital Liderlik Ölçeği (DJL) geliştirme çalışması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü imam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 740-760. doi:10.33437/ksusbd.1135540 google scholar
  20. Büyükyılmaz, O. (2007). işletmelerde yabancılaşmanın sosyo-psikolojik etkileri ve Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu'nda bir uygulama. (Un-published master’s thesis). Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
  21. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge. google scholar
  22. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. google scholar
  23. Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938 google scholar
  24. Cui, Y., Yang, T., Zhang, M., Liu, N., Liu, Q., Zhang, L., Zhang, L., Yang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023). İnfluence of empathy on work alienation among Chinese nurses during the COVİD-19 pandemic: The mediating effect of ego depletion. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1057460 google scholar
  25. Dale, G. (2022). Uzaktan çalışma devrimi: Başarılı, üretken ve yetkin uzaktan çalışma için etkili ipuçları. Nova Kitap. google scholar
  26. Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2023). Job demand-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 13(3), 209-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022. google scholar
  27. Demirhan, A., & Bozkurt, S. (2010). Banka çalışanlarının bilgi paylaşımı davranışına yönelik tutumlarını etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Yaşar University, 18(5), 3016-3027. google scholar
  28. Doberstein, C., & Charbonneau, E. (2022). Alienation in pandemic-induced telework in the public sector. Public Personnel Management, 51(4), 491-515. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260221114788 google scholar
  29. Drucker, P. F. (1999). Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge. California Management Review, 41(2), 79-94. google scholar
  30. Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study in sociology (J. A. Spaulding & G. Simpson, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1897). google scholar
  31. Erjem, Y. (2005). Lise öğretmenleri üzerinde sosyolojik bir araştırma: Eğitimde yabancılaşma olgusu ve öğretmen [The phenomenon of alienation in education: A sociological research on high school teachers]. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Selçuk Üniversitesi. google scholar
  32. Ertiö, T., Eriksson, T., Rowan, W., & McCarthy, S. (2024). The role of digital leaders’ emotional intelligence in mitigating employee technostress. Business Horizons, 67, 399-409. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.004 google scholar
  33. Fromm, E. (1990). Sağlıklı toplum (Y. Salman, Trans.). Payel Yayınları. google scholar
  34. Eurofound & International Labour Organization. (2017). Working time patterns for sustainable work. Publications Office of the European Union. google scholar
  35. Fairhurst, G. T., & Connaughton, S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective. Leadership, 10(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 174271509396 google scholar
  36. Ferreira, R., Pereira, R., Bianchi, I. S., & da Silva, M. M. (2021). Decision factors for remote work adoption: Advantages, disadvantages, driving forces and challenges. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ joitmc7010070 google scholar
  37. Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. google scholar
  38. Figueiredo, E., Margaça, C., & Sânchez-Garcîa, J. C. (2025). Loneliness and isolation in the era of telework: A comprehensive review of challenges for organizational success. Healthcare, 13(16), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13161943 google scholar
  39. Galanti, T., Guidetti, G., Mazzei, E., Zappalâ, S., & Toscano, F. (2021). Work from home during the COVID-19 outbreak: The impact on employees' remote work productivity, engagement, and stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(7), e426-e432. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002236 google scholar
  40. Ghaleb, S. D. B. (2024). The concept of alienation and alienation in organizations. Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science, 2(2), 206-223. doi:10.59653/pancasila.v2i02.714 google scholar
  41. Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004 google scholar
  42. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. google scholar
  43. Hegel, G. W. F. (1986). Tinin görüngübilimi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Yayınları. google scholar
  44. Hipp, L., & Krzywdzinski, M. (2023). Remote work: New fields and challenges for labor activism. Work and Occupations, 50(3), 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884231163135 google scholar
  45. Hockey, G. R. J. (1997). Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework. Biological Psychology, 45(1), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(96)05223-4 google scholar
  46. Hodzic, S., Prem, R., Nielson, C., & Kubicek, B. (2024). When telework is a burden rather than a perk: The roles of knowledge sharing and supervisor social support in mitigating adverse effects of telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Psychology, 73(2), 599621. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12491 google scholar
  47. Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill. google scholar
  48. Hofstede Insights. (2023). Country comparison tool. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/turkey/ (Accessed April 4, 2023). google scholar
  49. Höddinghaus, M., Nohe, C., & Hertel, G. (2024). Leadership in virtual work settings: What we know, what we do not know, and what we need to do. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(2), 188-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2023. 2250079 google scholar
  50. Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96. doi:10.3390/economies9030096 google scholar
  51. İzgören Akademi (2020). Covid-19 salgını kapsamında iş çevresinde alınan önlemler ve evden çalışma anketi sonuç raporu. İzgören Akademi. google scholar
  52. JASP Team (2025). JASP (Jeffreys’s Amazing Statistics Program) (Version 0.95.3) [Computer software]. google scholar
  53. Judiesch, M. K., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). Left behind? The impact of leaves of absence on managers’ career success. Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 641-651. https://doi.org/10.2307/256985 google scholar
  54. Kalekin-Fishman, D. (2006). Studying alienation: Toward a better society? Kybernetes, 35(3/4), 530-552. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 03684920610653782 google scholar
  55. Kapoor, H., & Kaufman, J. C. (2020). Meaning-making through creativity during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 595990. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.595990 google scholar
  56. KavaLcı Canbuldu, N. & Boz Semerci, A. (2025). Dijital dönüşüm faaliyetleri ile işe yabancılaşma davranışı arasındaki ilişkide dijital liderliğin rolü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(1), 277-302. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1583008 google scholar
  57. Kefeli Berber, P. (2022). Tele çalışma: Kapsam ve doğa. İn Y. Karal (Ed.), Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri aracılığıyla uzaktan çalışma (İst ed., pp. 1-38). Pegem Akademi. google scholar
  58. Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Gibson, C. B., Tesluk, P. E., & McPherson, S. O. (2002). Five challenges to virtual team success: Lessons from Sabre, İne. AcaDemy of Management Executive, 16(3), 67-79. https://doi.org/l0.5465/ame.2002.8540322 google scholar
  59. Kosch, T., Karolus, J., Zagermann, J., Reiterer, H., Schmidt, A., & Wozniak, P. W. (2023). A survey on measuring cognitive workload in human-computer interaetion. ACM Computing Surveys, 55 (13), Article 283. https://doi.org/İ0.İİ45/3582272 google scholar
  60. Kohn, M. L. (1976). Occupational structure and alienation. American Journal of Sociology, 82(1), 111-130. google scholar
  61. Korman, A. K., Wittig-Berman, U., & Lang, D. (1981). Career success and personal failure: Alienation in professionals and managers. Academy of Management Journal, 24(2), 342-360. https://doi.org/10.2307/255846 google scholar
  62. Kraus, S., Ferraris, A., & Bertello, A. (2023). The future of work: How innovation and digitalization re-shape the workplace. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(4), 100438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100438 google scholar
  63. Kurland, N. B. & Bailey, D. E. (1999). Telework: The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organi-zational Dynamics, 28(2), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(00)80016-9 google scholar
  64. Lagios, C., Lagios, N., Stinglhamber, F., & Caesens, G. (2023). Predictors and consequences of work alienation in times of crisis: Evidence from two longitudinal studies during the COVİD-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 42(26), 22866-22880. doi:10.1007/ s12144-022-03372-9 google scholar
  65. Leuphana İnstitute of Performance Management. (2025). Digital leadership. Leadership Garage. https://leadershipgarage.com/digital-leadership.html google scholar
  66. Li, X., Seah, R. Y. T., & Yuen, K. F. (2025). Mental wellbeing in digital workplaces: The role of digital resources, technostress, and burnout. Technology in Society, 81, 102844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102844 google scholar
  67. Lyzwinski, L. N. (2024). Organizational and occupational health issues with working remotely during the pandemic: A scoping review of remote work and health. Journal of Occupational Health, 66(1), uiae005. https://doi.org/10.1093/joccuh/uiae005 google scholar
  68. Mantesi, E., Chmutina, K., & Goodier, C. (2022). The office of the future: Operational energy consumption in the post-pandemic era. Energy Research & Social Science, 87, 102472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102472 google scholar
  69. Marx, K. (1844/1978). Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844 (M. Milligan, Trans.). Prometheus Books. google scholar
  70. Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, İ. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 327-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.327 google scholar
  71. Mermer, Ö. (2022). Tekno-stres ve işe yabancılaşma davranışı arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Aksaray Üniversitesi. google scholar
  72. Meşhurtürk, N. (2023). Uzaktan çalışmaya karşı tutumların çalışanların iş tatmini üzerine etkisi. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Bursa Uludağ University. google scholar
  73. Miyake, S. (2001). Multivariate workload evaluation combining physiological and subjective measures. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40(3), 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00191-4 google scholar
  74. Mottaz, C. J. (1981). Some determinants of work alienation. Sociological Quarterly, 22(4), 515-529. google scholar
  75. Mükellef, Ü. (2022). Uzaktan çalışmada verimlilik: Zonguldak devlet okullarında bir araştırma. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi. google scholar
  76. Müller, S. D., Konzag, H., Nielsen, J. A., & Sandholt, H. B. (2024). Digital transformation leadership competencies: A contingency approach. International Journal of Information Management, 75, 102734. google scholar
  77. Nair, N., & Vohra, N. (2009). Developing a new measure of work alienation. Journal of Workplace Rights, 14(3), 293-309. doi:10.2190/WR.14.3.C google scholar
  78. Nair, N., & Vohra, N. (2010). An empirical study of work alienation in information technology professionals. Management Research Review, 33(12), 1198-1215. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011041373 google scholar
  79. Nettler, G. (1957). A measure of alienation. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089196 google scholar
  80. Orak, B. (2022). Uzaktan çalışma sıklığının ve dijital liderliğin örgütlerde takım üye etkileşimi üzerindeki etkileri. (Unpublished master’s thesis). İstanbul Üniversitesi. google scholar
  81. Özkanan, A. (2022). Covid-19 Pandemisi ve çalışmaya etkisi: Dönüşümlü (uzaktan evden) çalışmayı sevdik mi? işletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14 (1), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2022.1384 google scholar
  82. Petrucci, T., & Rivera, M. (2018). Leading growth through the digital leader. Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(3), 53-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21595 google scholar
  83. Pınargözü, G. G. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde uzaktan çalışmanın örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi: Finans sektöründe çalışanlar üzerinde bir araştırma, (Unpublished master’s thesis). Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi. google scholar
  84. Prince, K. A. (2017). Industrie 4.0 and leadership. ICEB 2017 Proceedings (Dubai, UAE), 4(8), 132-139. google scholar
  85. Rademaker, T., Klingenberg, I., & SüB, S. (2025). Leadership and technostress: A systematic literatüre review. Manag, Rev, Q. 75, 429-494. doi:10.1007/s11301-023-00385-x google scholar
  86. Riggio, E. R. (2014). Liderlik. In B. Özkara & K. Özcan (Trans.), Introduction to industrial/organizational psychology (6th Ed., pp. 340-372). Nobel Yayıncılık. google scholar
  87. Richter, P., Meyer, J., & Sommer, F. (2006). Well-being and stress in mobile and virtual work. In J. H. E. Andriessen & M. Vartiainen (Eds.), Mobile virtual work: A new paradigm? (pp. 231-252). Springer. google scholar
  88. Ruiller, C., Van der Heijden, B. I., Rico, B., & Valle, M. (2018). Consequences of extended telework on professional isolation of senior-level managers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(4), 515-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9509-6 google scholar
  89. Salerno, R. A. (2003). Landscapes of abandonment: Capitalism, modernity, and estrangement. State University of New York Press. google scholar
  90. Saruhan, O., Canko, S., & Ersoy, U. (2022). Dijital lider: Dijital çağda liderliğe yeni bakış. Mediacat Kitapları. google scholar
  91. Schall, M. A. (2019). The relationship between remote work and job satisfaction: The mediating roles of perceived autonomy, work-family conflict, and telecommuting intensity (Doctoral dissertation). San Jose State University. doi:10.22610/imbr.v15i3(SI).3453 google scholar
  92. Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763-1768. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864 google scholar
  93. Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783-791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088565 google scholar
  94. Seeman, M. (1967). On the personal consequences of alienation in work. American Sociological Review, 32(2), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.2307/2091817 google scholar
  95. Shahzad, M., Batool, Z., & Sajid, S. M. (2024). Organizational factors correlated with work alienation: A systematic review. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5 (2), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.330179374 google scholar
  96. Shimura, A., Yokoi, K., Ishibashi, Y., Akatsuka, Y., & Inoue, T. (2021). Remote work decreases psychological and physical stress responses, but full-remote work increases presenteeism. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 730969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730969 google scholar
  97. Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 473-499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113332 google scholar
  98. Stânescu, D. F., & Romascanu, M. C. (2023). Remote, on-site, or hybrid work. A comparative study on work alienation, workplace loneliness, and work engagement. STRATEGICA International Conference Proceedings (11th edition, pp. 541-552). https://doi.org/10.25019/STR/2023.040 google scholar
  99. Szybisty, T., & Zychovâ, K. (2023). Who and what is driving remote working research? A bibliometric study. Vision-The Journal of Business Perspective, 0(0). doi:10.1177/09722629221139064 google scholar
  100. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Yayıncılık. google scholar
  101. Şengül, S. (2022). Dijital liderlik yeteneklerinin yenilik performansına etkisi, (Unpublished master’s thesis). Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
  102. Şimşek, M. Ş., Çelik, A., Akgemci, T., & Fettahlıoğlu, T. (2006). Örgütlerde yabancılaşmanın yönetimi araştırması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15, 569-587. google scholar
  103. Tagscherer, F., & Christian Carbon, C. (2023). Leadership for successful digitalization: A literatüre review on companies internal and external aspects of digitalization. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 100039. doi:10.1016/j.stae.2023.100039 google scholar
  104. Teichmann, S., & Hüning, C. (2018). Digital leadership - Führung neu gedacht: Was bleibt, was geht? In F. Keuper, M. Schomann, L. I. Sikora, & R. Wassef (Eds.), Disruption und transformation management (pp. 23-42). Springer Gabler. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-19131-3_2 google scholar
  105. Toprak, M., Bayraktar, Y., Yorğun, S., & Özyılmaz, A. (2021). Dijital dönüşüm, araştırma üniversitesi ve yükseköğrenimde yeniden yapılanma: İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi için bir model önerisi. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 63, 67-92. https:// doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-801234. google scholar
  106. Tortumlu, M., & Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), 328-341. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1258360 google scholar
  107. Tuna, A. A., & Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.971503 google scholar
  108. Tutar, H., & Güler, S. (2022). Digital leadership as a requirement for the new business ecosystem: A conceptual review. Cankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 323-349. https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1162792 google scholar
  109. Vafeas, M., Little, E., & Vafeas, A. (2024). Mitigating work alienation: What can we learn from employee ownership? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 36(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/l0.1080/09585192.2024.2439258 google scholar
  110. Van der Meulen, N., van Baalen, P., van Heck, E., & Mülder, S. (2019). No teleworker is an island: The impact of temporal and spatial separation along with media use on knowledge sharing networks. Journal of Information Technology, 34(3), 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396218816531 google scholar
  111. Venkatesh, V., & Johnson, P. (2002). Telecommuting technology implementations: A within- and between-subjects longitudinal field study. Personnel Psychology, 55(3), 661-687. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00125.x google scholar
  112. Verbree, J. R. (2021). Leadership in the Digital age - How to inspire your team. Morgan James Publishing. google scholar
  113. Vyas, L. (2022). “New normal” at work in a post-COVID world: Work-life balance and labor markets. Policy and Society, 41(1), 155-167. doi:10.1093/polsoc/puab011. google scholar
  114. Wang, B., Liu, Y., & Parker, S. K. (2020). How does the use of information communication technology affect individuals? A work design perspective. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 695-725. doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0127 google scholar
  115. Weinert, C., Maier, C., & Laumer, S. (2015). Why are teleworkers stressed? An empirical analysis of the causes of telework-enabled stress. Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2015, 1407-1421. google scholar
  116. Wright, E. S. (2017). Dialogic development in the situational leadership style. Performance Improvement, 56(9), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.21733 google scholar
  117. Yang, J., & Yin, C. (2020). Exploring boundary conditions of the impact of accessibility to mobile networks on employees’ perceptions of presenteeism: From both individual and social perspectives. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(4), 881-895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09898-x google scholar
  118. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85. google scholar
  119. Zammitti, A., Russo, A., Magnano, P., & Guarnera, M. (2022). Work engagement as a moderating factor between positive attitude toward smart working and job and life satisfaction. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(7), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070057 google scholar