SavedAdd your journal

Journals / SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Traumatic Occupational Accidents and Silent Trauma: Invisible Psychological Injuries

Travmatik İş Kazaları ve Sessiz Travmalar: Görünmeyen Psikolojik Yaralanmalar

Selçuk Şen(İstanbul Havalimanı İşletmesi Psikolojik Sağlık Merkezi)0000-0001-7731-8234
Pages
93–110
Publication Date
2026-07-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, the study emphasizes that occupational accidents must be addressed not only in terms of physical consequences but also through their long-term psychological dimensions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study demonstrates that traumatic occupational accidents not only cause physical injuries but also lead to invisible psychological wounds referred to as “silent traumas.” Evidence from literature and field research reveals that post-accident effects such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, burnout, and identity loss are widespread.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Furthermore, Turkey’s legal regulations are compared with international standards, and recommendations are developed to integrate silent traumas into occupational health and safety policies.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, the study emphasizes that occupational accidents must be addressed not only in terms of physical consequences but also through their long-term psychological dimensions.
🔬Design:Derleme
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Sessiz travma · iş kazaları · psikososyal etkiler

Abstract

This study demonstrates that traumatic occupational accidents not only cause physical injuries but also lead to invisible psychological wounds referred to as “silent traumas.” Evidence from literature and field research reveals that post-accident effects such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, burnout, and identity loss are widespread. Silent traumas are observed not only in direct victims but also among witnesses, coworkers in the same sector, and at the community level. Industrial disasters such as Chernobyl, Bhopal, Soma, and Fukushima provide concrete examples where visible and invisible injuries intertwine. The study outlines the conceptual framework of silent traumas and discusses their impacts at individual, organizational, and societal levels. Furthermore, Turkey’s legal regulations are compared with international standards, and recommendations are developed to integrate silent traumas into occupational health and safety policies. Findings highlight the critical role of occupational health psychologists in early diagnosis, psychological first aid, and organizational risk management. In conclusion, the study emphasizes that occupational accidents must be addressed not only in terms of physical consequences but also through their long-term psychological dimensions.

Özet

Bu çalışma, travmatik iş kazalarının yalnızca fiziksel yaralanmalara yol açmadığını, aynı zamanda görünmeyen ve “sessiz travmalar” olarak adlandırılan psikolojik yaralar bıraktığını ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür ve saha araştırmaları, iş kazaları sonrasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, kaygı, depresyon, tükenmişlik ve kimlik kaybı gibi ruhsal etkilerin yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. Sessiz travmalar, kazaya doğrudan maruz kalan bireylerin yanı sıra tanıklık edenlerde, aynı sektörde çalışanlarda ve topluluk düzeyinde de görülebilmektedir. Çernobil, Bhopal, Soma ve Fukushima gibi endüstriyel felaketler, görünür ve görünmez yaralanmaların iç içe geçtiğini kanıtlayan örneklerdir. Çalışmada, sessiz travmaların kavramsal çerçevesi çizilmiş; bireysel, kurumsal ve toplumsal düzeyde yarattığı etkiler tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’deki yasal düzenlemeler uluslararası standartlarla karşılaştırılmış; sessiz travmaların iş sağlığı ve güvenliği politikalarında görünür kılınması için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bulgular, iş sağlığı psikologlarının erken tanı, psikolojik ilk yardım ve örgütsel düzeyde risk yönetimi gibi uygulamalarla kritik rol üstlenebileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, iş kazalarının yalnızca fiziksel değil, psikolojik boyutlarının da sistematik olarak ele alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Şen, S. (2026). Traumatic Occupational Accidents and Silent Trauma: Invisible Psychological Injuries. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 93–110. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1981429

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (91)

  1. AİHM. (2004). HL v. United Kingdom (Başvuru No: 45508/99). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HL_v_United_Kingdom].
  2. Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police. [1992] 1 AC 310 (House of Lords). [https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcock_v_Chief_Constable_of_South_Yorkshire_Police]
  3. Attridge, M. (2012). Employee Assistance Programs: Evidence and Current Trends. In R. J. Gatchel and I. Z. Schultz (Eds.). Handbook of Occupational Health and Wellness (441–467). Springer Science + Business Media. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4839-6_21].
  4. Aydın, G. D. ve Yıldırım, Ş. (2020). Soma Maden Kazası Sonrası Yaşanan Ailevi ve Psikolojik Sorunlar. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet. 31(2). 589–608. https://doi.org/10.33417/TSH.659207
  5. Bakker, A. B. and Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands–Resources Model: State of the Art. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 22(3). 309–328. [https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115].
  6. Billings, J., Wong, N. Z. Y., Nicholls, H., Bloomfield, M. A. P. and Greene, T. (2023). Post Incident Psychosocial Interventions After a Traumatic Incident in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Current Research Evidence and Clinical Guidance. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. [https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2281751].
  7. Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A. and Vlahov, D. (2007). What Predicts Psychological Resilience After Disaster? The Role of Demographics, Resources and Life Stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 75(5). 671–682. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671].
  8. Bouchard, J.-P., Franchi, C., Bourree, C. and Tassier, J. (2019). Psychotraumatologie: Conséquences Psychologiques de L’explosion de L’usine AZF de Toulouse Sur le Personnel D’une Enterprise Voisine. Annales Médico-Psychologiques. 177(9). 830–836. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j. amp.2019.09.001].
  9. Breslau, N. (2009). The Epidemiology of Trauma, PTSD and Other Posttrauma Disorders. Trauma, Violence and Abuse. 10(3). 198–210. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334448].
  10. Buselli, R., Corsi, M., Baldanzi, S., Chiumiento, M. ve Del Lupo, E. (2020). Professional Quality of Life and Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Sars-Cov-2 (Covid-19). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(17). 6180. [https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph17176180].
  11. Canbaz Akça, K. (2024). Erzincan İliç Altın Madeni: Politik Ekoloji Perspektifinden Bir Facianın Anatomisi. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 9(2). 79-97. [https://doi. org/10.33905/bseusbed.1461443].
  12. Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S. and Taillieu, T. (2018). The Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR) Training and Mental Health Outcomes in Canadian Armed Forces Personnel. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 47(1). 1–18. [https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2017.1409482].
  13. Cates, L. B. (2014). Insidious Emotional Trauma: The Body Remembers. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology. 9(1). 1–15. [https://doi.org/10.1080/15551024.2014.857751].
  14. Ceylan, H. and Kaplan, A. (2024). Fatal Occupational Accidents in Turkey from a City and Country Perspective. Kent Akademisi. [https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1391114].
  15. Chang, H.-Y., Hsu, W.-T., Wu, P.-J. and Chen, C.-S. (2021). A Community Survey of Quality of Life and Psychiatric Disorders Among Residents Following the Kaohsiung Gas Explosion: A 5-Year Cross-Sectional Follow-Up Study. Psychiatric Quarterly. 92. 1447–1460. [https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11126-021-09911-0].
  16. Cooper, C. L. ve Cartwright, S. (1997). An Intervention Strategy for Workplace Stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 43(1). 7–16. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00392-3].
  17. Çelik Durmuş, S. ve Uzun, S. (2026). The Psychosocial Dimension of Electrical Burns Elated to Work Accidents—A Phenomenological Study on the Experiences of Patients Fighting for Their Lives in Intensive Care in Turkey. Healthcare. 14(4). 542. [https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14040542].
  18. Çögenli, M. Z. (2019). Soma Maden Mazasından Sağ Kurtulan İşçilerin Travma Sonrası Stres Problemlerinin ve Psikolojik Süreçlerinin Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 19(3). 405–422. [https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.632141].
  19. Daily Telegraph. (2024, Şubat 10). Minns Government Launches New Mental Health Initiative For NSW First Responders. [https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/minns-government-launches-newmental- health-initiative-for-nsw-first-responders/news-story/0a52b18bfe837aa26bf34bccbf0ee6ee].
  20. De Anda Torres, A. (2006). La Reconstrucción De La Identity De San Juan Ixhuatepex, Tlalnepantla De Baz Estado De México, 1984-2006 (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  21. Detert, J. R. and Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open? Academy of Management Journal. 50(4). 869–884. [https://doi.org/10.5465/ amj.2007.26279183].
  22. Dhara, V. R. and Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide Disaster in Bhopal: a Review of Health Effects. Archives of Environmental Health. 57(5). 391–404. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00039890209601427].
  23. Dollard, M. F. and Bakker, A. B. (2010). Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Precursor to Conducive Work Environments, Psychological Health Problems and Employee Engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 83(3). 579–599. [https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X470690].
  24. Edgelow, M. and Cramm, H. (2020). Developing an Occupation-Centred Framework for Trauma Intervention. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 36(4). 364–383. [https://doi. org/10.1080/0164212X.2020.1808148].
  25. Edkins, J. (2019). The Grenfell Tower Fire. In Change and the Politics of Certainty. Palgrave Macmillan. [https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526147264.00013].
  26. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly. 44(2). 350–383. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999].
  27. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). (2020). Third European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks (ESENER 2019): What Does it Tell us About Safety and Health in Europe’s Workplaces? Publications Office of the European Union. [https://doi.org/10.2802/489857].
  28. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). (2025, Şubat 7). Prolonged Sitting, Psychosocial Risks And Digitalisation Top Workplace Safety And Health Concerns, New EU Survey Reveals [Basın bülteni]. [https://osha.europa.eu/en/about-eu-osha/press-room/prolongedsitting- psychosocial-risks-and-digitalisation-top-workplace-safety-and-health-concerns-new-eusurvey- reveals].
  29. European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). (2020). Case Law on the Protection of Psychological Integrity Under the European Convention on Human Rights. HUDOC Database. [https://hudoc.echr.coe.int].
  30. European Union (EU). (1989). Council Directive 89/391/EEC on the Introduction of Measures to Encourage Improvements in the Safety and Health of Workers at Work. Official Journal of the European Communities. L183/1.
  31. Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion Fatigue as Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Overview. In C. R. Figley (Ed.). Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized (1–20). Brunner/Mazel.
  32. Freudenburg, W. R. and Gramling, R. (2011). Blowout in the Gulf: The BP Oil Spill Disaster and the Future of Energy in America. MIT Press.
  33. Garcia, F. D., das Neves, M. C. L., Firmo, J. O. A. and Peixoto, S. V. (2022). Prevalence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Associated Factors in the Adult Population from the Area Affected by the Tailings dam Rupture-Brumadinho Health Project. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. 25. [https://doi. org/10.1590/1980-549720220011.supl.2].
  34. Garner, N., Baker, J. and Hagelgans, D. (2016). The Private Traumas of First Responders. The Journal of Individual Psychology. 72(1). [https://doi.org/10.1353/JIP.2016.0015].
  35. Goniewicz, M., Włoszczak-Szubzda, A., Al-Wathinani, A. M. and Goniewicz, K. (2024). The Silent Burden: Investigating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Isolation Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19. Healthcare. 12(23). 2360. [https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232360].
  36. Greenberg, N., Langston, V. and Jones, N. (2008). Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) in the UK Armed Forces. BMJ Military Health. 154(2). 124–127. [https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-154-02-11].
  37. Havenaar, J., Rumyantzeva, G., Kasyanenko, A., Kaasjager, K., Westermann, A., van den Brink, W., van den Bout, J. and Savelkoul, J. (1997). Health Effects of the Chernobyl Disaster: Illness or Illness Behavior? A Comparative General Health Survey in Two Former Soviet Regions. Environmental Health Perspectives. 105(Suppl 6). 1533–1537. [https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.97105s61533].
  38. Herald Sun. (2024, Mart 15). Mornington Peninsula Retreat Set Up For Victoria’s Traumatised Emergency Workers. [https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/mornington-peninsula-retreat-setup- for-victorias-traumatised-emergency-workers/news-story/84bee0449f2c663a307b2c31529c953a].
  39. Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books.
  40. Hern, W. M. (2022). Secondary Traumatic Stress, Anxiety and Depression Among Emergency Healthcare Workers in the Middle of the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 54. 320–321. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.051].
  41. Hull, A. M., Alexander, D. A. and Klein, S. (2002). Survivors of the Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster: Long-Term Follow-Up Study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 181(5). 433–438. [https:// doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.5.433].
  42. Hystad, S. W. and Bye, H. H. (2013). Safety Behaviours at Sea: The Role of Personal Values and Personality Hardiness. Safety Science. 57. 19–26. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.018].
  43. International Labour Organization (ILO). (1981, Haziran 22). Occupational Safety and Health Convention. 1981 (No. 155).
  44. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). Safety And Health at the Heart of the Future of Work: Building on 100 Years of Experience. International Labour Office. [https://www.ilo.org/ sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_protect/%40protrav/%40safework/documents/ publication/wcms_687610.pdf].
  45. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2022, Temmuz 8). A Safe and Healthy Working Environment is a Fundamental Principle and Right at Work. [https://www.ilo.org/topics-andsectors/ safety-and-health-work/safe-and-healthy-working-environment-fundamental-principleand- right-work].
  46. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2023). Health and Safety at Work: Facts and Figures. [https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work].
  47. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2021). ISO 45003:2021 — Occupational Health and Safety Management — Psychological Health and Safety at Work — Guidelines For Managing Psychosocial Risks. [https://www.iso.org/standard/64283.html].
  48. Johnston, M. S., Ricciardelli, R., Ghodrati, M. and Czarnuch, S. (2023). Assessing Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR) Training Among Correctional Workers in Canada. Health and Justice. 11(1). 2. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-023-00206-z].
  49. Jonker, B. E. and Graupner, L. I. (2020). An Intervention Framework to Facilitate Psychological Trauma Management in High Risk Occupations. Frontiers in Psychology. [https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.00530].
  50. Kabir, H., Maple, M., Islam, M. S. and Usher, K. (2019). The Current Health and Wellbeing of the Survivors of the Rana Plaza Building Collapse in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(13). 2342. [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132342].
  51. Karam, E. G., El-Jamal, M., Osman, R. and Salamoun, M. (2025). The Aftermath of Multiple Trauma on a Nation: Unraveling Lebanon’s Unique Mental Health Struggle. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 15. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1444245].
  52. Karasek, R. and Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. Basic Books.
  53. Khan, S. A. (2024). Public Health in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, After the Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Long-Term Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science. 10(4). [https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.104.2].
  54. Kim, M., Jun, J. and Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2024). Generational Differences in Moral Injury, Resilience, and Well-Being Among Nurses: Predictors of Intention to Leave Position and Profession. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 46(11). [https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459241287458].
  55. Korpela, S. and Nordquist, H. (2024). Supporting Emergency Service Workers to Cope with Critical Incidents that can Lead to Psychological Burden at Work - Developing Skills in the Post Critical Incident Seminar: A Qualitative Interview Study. BMC Psychology. 12(1). 44. [https://doi. org/10.1186/s40359-024-01534-x].
  56. LaMontagne, A. D., Keegel, T., Louie, A. M., Ostry, A. and Landsbergis, P. A. (2007). Job Stress as a Preventable Upstream Determinant of Common Mental Disorders: A Review for Practitioners and Policy-Makers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 64(4). 223–230. [https://doi. org/10.1136/oem.2006.029701].
  57. Leka, S. and Jain, A. (2010). Health Impact of Psychosocial Hazards at Work: An Overview. World Health Organization.
  58. Magnavita, N., Capitanelli, I., Arnesano, G., Iuliano, A. and Mauro, I. (2021). Common Occupational Trauma: Is There a Relationship With Workers’ Mental Health? Trauma Care. 1(2). 107–114. [https://doi.org/10.3390/traumacare1020007].
  59. McLoughlin v. O’Brian, [1983] 1 AC 410 (House of Lords). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ McLoughlin_v_O%27Brian].
  60. Miller, L. K. and Pehlke, S. J. (2022). Evaluating Burnout, Secondary Traumatic Stress and Sleep Disturbances in Healthcare Professionals During a Global Pandemic. Journal of Wellness. 4(1). [https://doi.org/10.55504/2578-9333.1088].
  61. Mitchell, J. T. (1983). When Disaster Strikes.The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process. JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 8(1). 36–39.
  62. NACCHO. (2023). Building Workforce Resilience Through the Practice of Psychological First Aid (PFA-L). National Association of County and City Health Officials. [https://www.naccho.org/blog/ articles/building-workforce-resilience-through-the-practice-of-psychological-first-aid].
  63. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2020). Total Worker Health® Program. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/twh/default.html].
  64. North, C. S. (2016). Disaster Mental Health Epidemiology: Methodological Review and Interpretation of Research Findings. Psychiatry. 79(2). 130–146. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2016.1155926].
  65. OHSU. (2023). Occupational Health and Safety Leadership Training Programs. Oregon Health and Science University. [https://www.ohsu.edu/college-of-public-health].
  66. Purcell, N., Bertenthal, D., Usman, H., et al. (2024). Moral Injury and Mental Health in Healthcare Workers are Linked to Organizational Culture and Modifiable Workplace Conditions: Results of a National, Mixed- Methods Study. PLOS Mental Health. 1(1). e0000085. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000085].
  67. Quick, J. C. and Tetrick, L. E. (2011). Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
  68. Resmî Gazete. (2006). 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu (Sayı: 26200).
  69. Resmî Gazete (2011). 6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu (Sayı: 27836).
  70. Richardson, B. K. and James, E. P. (2017). The Role of Occupational Identity in Negotiating Traumatic Experiences: The Case of a Rural Fire Department. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 45(3). 313–332. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2017.1320573].
  71. Rose, S., Bisson, J., Churchill, R. and Wessely, S. (2002). Psychological Debriefing for Preventing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2. CD000560. [https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000560].
  72. Royle, L. (2019). Trauma Management am Arbeitsplatz [İş Yerinde Travma Yönetimi]. In Handbuch der Arbeitsmedizin. Springer. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58622-8_5].
  73. Salaz, K. (2023, 8 Ağustos). İş Kazalarında Asıl Önemli Olan Kaza Sonrası Yaşanan Sosyo- Psikolojik Durumdur. AJANS65 TV. [https://www.ajans65.com/is-kazalarinda-asil-onemli-olankaza- sonrasi-yasanan-sosyo-psikolojik-durumdur].
  74. Senthanar, S., MacEachen, E. ve Lippel, K. (2020). Return to Work and Ripple Effects on Family of Precariously Employed Injured Workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 30. 72–83. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-019-09847-0].
  75. SGK (2024). İş Kazası ve Meslek Hastalıkları İstatistik Yıllığı. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu Yayınları.
  76. Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J. and Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 323(21). 2133–2134. [https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5893].
  77. Shigemura, J., Tanigawa, T., Saito, I. and Nomura, S. (2012). Psychological Distress and Turnover Intention Among Tokyo Electric Power Company Employees After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster. JAMA. 307(15). 1592–1599. [https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.488].
  78. Sreenivasan, J. and Karmakar, M. (2023). Insidious Trauma: A Literature Review. World Journal of English Language. 13(2). 384. [https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n2p384].
  79. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2014). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services (TIP 57). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  80. Sun, X., Wang, B., Zhu, M., Wu, D., Yang, M. and Zhang, C. (2025). The Positive Effect of Perceived Social Support and Moral Resilience Between Moral Injury and Health-Related Productivity Loss Among Emergency Nurses. Frontiers in Public Health. 13. 1678811. [https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpubh.2025.1678811].
  81. Tan, M. N., Mevsim, V., Topal, İ. and Alkan, Ç. (2020). Long-Term Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mine Workers After a Coalmining Disaster. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica. 47(2). 43–47. [https:// doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000223].
  82. Turner, J. B. (1995). Economic Context and the Health Effects of Unemployment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 36(3). 213–229. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2137339].
  83. Ulusoy, S. and Celik, Z. (2022). The Silent Cry of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study on Levels and Determinants of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers After First Year of the Pandemic in Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 32(1). 50–59. [https://doi.org/10.5152/ pcp.2022.21248].
  84. United Nations Human Rights Office (OHCHR). (2021). International Standards on the Right to Physical and Mental Health. [https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-health/internationalstandards- right-physical-and-mental-health].
  85. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking.
  86. World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Psychological First Aid: Guide For Field Workers. [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548205].
  87. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021, Eylül 17).
  88. WHO/ILO: Almost 2 Million People Die From Work-Related Causes Each Year. [https://www.who.int/ news/item/17-09-2021-who-ilo-almost-2-million-people-die-from-work-related-causes-each-year].
  89. Yargıtay 21. Hukuk Dairesi. (2016). E. 2016/1451. K. 2016/5125.
  90. Bouchard, J.-P., Franchi, C., Bourree, C. and Tassier, J. (2019). Psychotraumatologie: Conséquences Psychologiques de L’explosion de L’usine AZF de Toulouse Sur le Personnel D’une Enterprise Voisine. Annales Médico-Psychologiques. 177(9). 830–836. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j. amp.2019.09.001].
  91. Mitchell, J. T. (1983). When Disaster Strikes.The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Process. JEMS: A Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 8(1). 36–39.