SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu / 2026 / Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Nutritional Approach In Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders

OTİZM SPEKTRUM BOZUKLUKLARI TEDAVİSİNDE BESLENME YAKLAŞIMLARI

Selin Aktitiz(HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-6781-8681
Ece Yalçın(HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-4469-7255
Zeynep Göktaş(HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-7241-8017
Pages
127–143
Publication Date
2019-08-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This review summarizes the literature that investigate nutritional problems and the effects of current nutritional treatments in autism.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:With an increasing prevalence, autism spectrum disorders are neurological disorders that characterized by a number of symptoms such as significantly different attitudes in social interactions and communication, repetitive and obsessively behaviors, and inability to use motor skills.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In addition, nutritional problems such as abnormal eating habits, sensitivity to food texture, selectivity in food consumption, and gastrointestinal problems are also accompanied.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This review summarizes the literature that investigate nutritional problems and the effects of current nutritional treatments in autism.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Otizm · probiyotik · glutensiz diyet

Abstract

With an increasing prevalence, autism spectrum disorders are neurological disorders that characterized by a number of symptoms such as significantly different attitudes in social interactions and communication, repetitive and obsessively behaviors, and inability to use motor skills. In addition, nutritional problems such as abnormal eating habits, sensitivity to food texture, selectivity in food consumption, and gastrointestinal problems are also accompanied. Besides, microbiota of patients with autism seems to be different when compared to healthy individuals. Therefore, nutritional treatment applications are essential for reducing the symptoms and to replace nutritional deficiencies. The most preferred nutritional therapies that have been shown to reduce the symptoms in autism are vitamin, mineral, and probiotic supplements, ketogenic diet, gluten-free and casein-free diets. Since nutritional treatments don’t show the same effect in every autistic child, nutritional therapy should be applied specific to the individual. This review summarizes the literature that investigate nutritional problems and the effects of current nutritional treatments in autism.

Özet

Yaygınlığı giderek artan otizm spektrum bozuklukları; sosyal etkileşimde belirgin farklı tutumlar, takıntılı ve tekrarlanan davranışlar, motor becerileri iyi kullanamama gibi birçok semptom ile karakterize nörolojik bir hastalıktır. Otizmde anormal beslenme alışkanlıkları, besin tüketiminde seçicilik ve gastrointestinal sistem problemleri gibi beslenme problemleri de görülmektedir. Ayrıca otizmde mikrobiyota da sağlıklı bireylere göre farklıdır. Bu nedenle görülen semptomları azaltmak için beslenme tedavilerinin uygulanması elzemdir. Vitamin ve mineral takviyeleri, probiyotik takviyesi, ketojenik diyet, glutensiz kazeinsiz diyet en çok tercih edilen ve otizmde görülen semptomları azalttığı gösterilen beslenme tedavilerindendir. Bu derlemede, otizmde görülen beslenme ile ilgili sorunlar ve güncel beslenme tedavilerinin etkisini araştıran yayınlar değerlendirilerek özetlenmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Aktitiz, S., Yalçın, E., Göktaş, Z. (2019). Nutritional Approach In Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Sağlık Akademisi Kastamonu, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 127–143. https://doi.org/10.25279/sak.435435

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (72)

  1. Adams, J. B., Audhya, T., McDonough-Means, S., Rubin, R. A., Quig, D., Geis, E.,. Lee, W. (2011). Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr, 11, 111. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-111
  2. Adams, J. B., & Holloway, C. (2004). Pilot study of a moderate dose multivitamin/mineral supplement for children with autistic spectrum disorder. J Altern Complement Med, 10(6), 1033-1039. doi:10.1089/acm.2004.10.1033
  3. Adams, J. B., Johansen, L. J., Powell, L. D., Quig, D., & Rubin, R. A. (2011). Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism--comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterol, 11, 22. doi:10.1186/1471-230x-11-22
  4. Al-Farsi, Y. M., Waly, M. I., Deth, R. C., Al-Sharbati, M. M., Al-Shafaee, M., Al-Farsi, O.,. Ouhtit, A. (2013). Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosed autism. Nutrition, 29(3), 537-541. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.014
  5. Atladóttir, H. Ó., Henriksen, T. B., Schendel, D. E., & Parner, E. T. (2012). Autism After Infection, Febrile Episodes, and Antibiotic Use During Pregnancy: An Exploratory Study. Pediatrics, 130(6), e1447-e1454. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1107
  6. Barnhill, K., Gutierrez, A., Ghossainy, M., Marediya, Z., Marti, C. N., & Hewitson, L. (2017). Growth status of children with autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study. J Hum Nutr Diet, 30(1), 59-65. doi:10.1111/jhn.12396
  7. Berding, K., & Donovan, S. M. (2016). Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs. Nutr Rev, 74(12), 723-736. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuw048
  8. Boccuto, L., Chen, C. F., Pittman, A. R., Skinner, C. D., McCartney, H. J., Jones, K.,. Schwartz, C. E. (2013). Decreased tryptophan metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism, 4(1), 16. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-16
  9. Castro, K., Baronio, D., Perry, I. S., Riesgo, R. D. S., & Gottfried, C. (2017). The effect of ketogenic diet in an animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. Nutr Neurosci, 20(6), 343-350. doi:10.1080/1028415x.2015.1133029
  10. Castro, K., Faccioli, L. S., Baronio, D., Gottfried, C., Perry, I. S., & dos Santos Riesgo, R. (2015). Effect of a ketogenic diet on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 20, 31-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.08.005
  11. Cekici, H., & Sanlier, N. (2017). Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci, 1-11.
  12. Christison, G. W., & Ivany, K. (2006). Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? J Dev Behav Pediatr, 27(2 Suppl), S162-171.
  13. DeVilbiss, E. A., Gardner, R. M., Newschaffer, C. J., & Lee, B. K. (2015). Maternal folate status as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders: a review of existing evidence. British Journal of Nutrition, 114(5), 663-672.
  14. Ding, H. T., Taur, Y., & Walkup, J. T. (2017). Gut Microbiota and Autism: Key Concepts and Findings. J Autism Dev Disord, 47(2), 480-489. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2960-9
  15. El-Ansary, A. K., Ben Bacha, A., & Kotb, M. (2012). Etiology of autistic features: the persisting neurotoxic effects of propionic acid. J Neuroinflammation, 9, 74. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-74
  16. Evangeliou, A., Vlachonikolis, I., Mihailidou, H., Spilioti, M., Skarpalezou, A., Makaronas, N.,. Smeitink, J. (2003). Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. J Child Neurol, 18(2), 113-118. doi:10.1177/08830738030180020501
  17. Geier, D. A., King, P. G., Sykes, L. K., & Geier, M. R. (2008). A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism. Indian J Med Res, 128(4), 383-411.
  18. Ghalichi, F., Ghaemmaghami, J., Malek, A., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2016). Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr, 12(4), 436-442. doi:10.1007/s12519-016-0040-z
  19. Gökçe Ünal, A. Ö. (2016). Nörogelişimsel Bozukluklarda Beslenme. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 6(2), 80-85.
  20. Graf-Myles, J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Royster, C., Kahn, P., Soskey, L.,. Swedo, S. (2013). Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 34(7), 449-459. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182a00d17
  21. Harris, C., & Card, B. (2012). A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Complement Ther Med, 20(6), 437-440. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2012.08.004
  22. Herbert, M. R., & Buckley, J. A. (2013). Autism and dietary therapy: case report and review of the literature. J Child Neurol, 28(8), 975-982. doi:10.1177/0883073813488668
  23. Hsu, C. L., Lin, C. Y., Chen, C. L., Wang, C. M., & Wong, M. K. (2009). The effects of a gluten and casein-free diet in children with autism: a case report. Chang Gung Med J, 32(4), 459-465.
  24. Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Schmidt, B., Cain, U., Lemcke, N., Foley, J. T.,. Ng, P. K. (2012). Nutrient intake from food in children with autism. Pediatrics, 130 Suppl 2, S145-153. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900L
  25. James, S. J., Melnyk, S., Fuchs, G., Reid, T., Jernigan, S., Pavliv, O.,. Gaylor, D. W. (2009). Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(1), 425-430. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26615
  26. Jory, J. (2016). Abnormal fatty acids in Canadian children with autism. Nutrition, 32(4), 474-477. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.019
  27. Kaluzna-Czaplinska, J., & Blaszczyk, S. (2012). The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy. Nutrition, 28(2), 124-126. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.002
  28. Lange, K. W., Hauser, J., & Reissmann, A. (2015). Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the therapy of autism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 18(6), 572-575. doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000228
  29. Lobar, S. L. (2016). DSM-V Changes for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Care Coordination for Children With ASDs. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(4), 359-365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.09.005
  30. Lyall, K., Schmidt, R. J., & Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014). Maternal lifestyle and environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 443-464. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt282
  31. Madore, C., Leyrolle, Q., Lacabanne, C., Benmamar-Badel, A., Joffre, C., Nadjar, A., & Laye, S. (2016). Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota. Neural Plast, 2016, 3597209. doi:10.1155/2016/3597209
  32. Mangiola, F., Ianiro, G., Franceschi, F., Fagiuoli, S., Gasbarrini, G., & Gasbarrini, A. (2016). Gut microbiota in autism and mood disorders. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(1), 361-368. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.361
  33. Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe-García, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2015). Nutritional Status of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A Case–Control Study. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 45(1), 203-212. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2205-8
  34. Mezzelani, A., Landini, M., Facchiano, F., Raggi, M. E., Villa, L., Molteni, M.,. Marabotti, A. (2015). Environment, dysbiosis, immunity and sex-specific susceptibility: A translational hypothesis for regressive autism pathogenesis. Nutr Neurosci, 18(4), 145-161. doi:10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000108
  35. Millward, C., Ferriter, M., Calver, S., & Connell-Jones, G. (2008). Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2), Cd003498. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3
  36. Muller, C. L., Anacker, A. M. J., & Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2016). The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models. Neuroscience, 321, 24-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010
  37. Napoli, E., Dueñas, N., & Giulivi, C. (2014a). Potential Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2(69). doi:10.3389/fped.2014.00069
  38. Patrick, R. P., & Ames, B. N. (2014). Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: relevance for autism. Faseb j, 28(6), 2398-2413. doi:10.1096/fj.13-246546
  39. Pennesi, C. M., & Klein, L. C. (2012). Effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: based on parental report. Nutr Neurosci, 15(2), 85-91. doi:10.1179/1476830512y.0000000003
  40. Reynolds, A., Krebs, N. F., Stewart, P. A., Austin, H., Johnson, S. L., Withrow, N.,. Hyman, S. L. (2012). Iron status in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 130 Suppl 2, S154-159. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900M
  41. Rodakis, J. (2015). An n=1 case report of a child with autism improving on antibiotics and a father's quest to understand what it may mean. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 26, 10.3402/mehd.v3426.26382. doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.26382
  42. Ruskin, D. N., Svedova, J., Cote, J. L., Sandau, U., Rho, J. M., Kawamura, M., Jr.,. Masino, S. A. (2013). Ketogenic diet improves core symptoms of autism in BTBR mice. PLoS One, 8(6), e65021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065021
  43. Saad, K., Abdel-rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjørklund, G.,. Ali, A. M. (2016). Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr Neurosci, 19(8), 346-351. doi:10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000019
  44. Saad, K., Abdel-Rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., El-Houfey, A. A., Othman, H. A.,. Abdel-Salam, A. M. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 59(1), 20-29. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12652
  45. Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Fulceri, F., Billeci, L., Buzzigoli, E., Apicella, F.,. Muratori, F. (2016). Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 183. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0887-5
  46. Schengrund, C.-L., Ali-Rahmani, F., & Ramer, J. C. (2012). Cholesterol, GM1, and Autism. Neurochemical Research, 37(6), 1201-1207. doi:10.1007/s11064-011-0697-6
  47. Spilioti, M., Evangeliou, A. E., Tramma, D., Theodoridou, Z., Metaxas, S., Michailidi, E.,. Gibson, K. M. (2013). Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Front Hum Neurosci, 7, 858. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00858
  48. Spratt, E. G., Nicholas, J. S., Brady, K. T., Carpenter, L. A., Hatcher, C. R., Meekins, K. A.,. Charles, J. M. (2012). Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42(1), 75-81. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0
  49. Tomova, A., Husarova, V., Lakatosova, S., Bakos, J., Vlkova, B., Babinska, K., & Ostatnikova, D. (2015). Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiol Behav, 138, 179-187. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.033
  50. Tuohy, K., Venuti, P., Cuva, S., Furlanello, S., Gasperotti, M., Mancini, A.,, Ceppa, F., Cavalieri, D., de Filippo, C., Vrhovsek, U., Mena, P., Del Rio,, & D. and Fava, F. (2015). Chapter 15 - Diet and the Gut Microbiota – How the Gut: Brain Axis Impacts on Autism. 225 - 245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407825-3.00015-0
  51. Tuohy, K. M., Venuti, P., Cuva, S., Furlanello, C., Gasperotti, M., Mancini, A.,. Vrhovsek, U. (2014). Diet and the Gut Microbiota–How the Gut: Brain Axis Impacts on Autism Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut (pp. 225-245): Elsevier.
  52. West Md, R., & Roberts, E. (2013). Improvements in Gastrointestinal Symptoms among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Receiving the Delpro� Probiotic and Immunomodulator Formulation (Vol. 1).
  53. Whiteley, P., Haracopos, D., Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Parlar, S., Jacobsen, J.,. Shattock, P. (2010). The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutr Neurosci, 13(2), 87-100. doi:10.1179/147683010x12611460763922
  54. Whiteley, P., Shattock, P., Knivsberg, A.-M., Seim, A., Reichelt, K. L., Todd, L.,. Hooper, M. (2012). Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions. Front Hum Neurosci, 6, 344. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00344
  55. Adams, J. B., Audhya, T., McDonough-Means, S., Rubin, R. A., Quig, D., Geis, E.,. Lee, W. (2011). Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr, 11, 111. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-111
  56. Al-Farsi, Y. M., Waly, M. I., Deth, R. C., Al-Sharbati, M. M., Al-Shafaee, M., Al-Farsi, O.,. Ouhtit, A. (2013). Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosed autism. Nutrition, 29(3), 537-541. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.014
  57. Boccuto, L., Chen, C. F., Pittman, A. R., Skinner, C. D., McCartney, H. J., Jones, K.,. Schwartz, C. E. (2013). Decreased tryptophan metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism, 4(1), 16. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-16
  58. Evangeliou, A., Vlachonikolis, I., Mihailidou, H., Spilioti, M., Skarpalezou, A., Makaronas, N.,. Smeitink, J. (2003). Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. J Child Neurol, 18(2), 113-118. doi:10.1177/08830738030180020501
  59. Graf-Myles, J., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Royster, C., Kahn, P., Soskey, L.,. Swedo, S. (2013). Dietary adequacy of children with autism compared with controls and the impact of restricted diet. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 34(7), 449-459. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182a00d17
  60. Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Schmidt, B., Cain, U., Lemcke, N., Foley, J. T.,. Ng, P. K. (2012). Nutrient intake from food in children with autism. Pediatrics, 130 Suppl 2, S145-153. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900L
  61. James, S. J., Melnyk, S., Fuchs, G., Reid, T., Jernigan, S., Pavliv, O.,. Gaylor, D. W. (2009). Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(1), 425-430. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26615
  62. Mezzelani, A., Landini, M., Facchiano, F., Raggi, M. E., Villa, L., Molteni, M.,. Marabotti, A. (2015). Environment, dysbiosis, immunity and sex-specific susceptibility: A translational hypothesis for regressive autism pathogenesis. Nutr Neurosci, 18(4), 145-161. doi:10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000108
  63. Reynolds, A., Krebs, N. F., Stewart, P. A., Austin, H., Johnson, S. L., Withrow, N.,. Hyman, S. L. (2012). Iron status in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 130 Suppl 2, S154-159. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0900M
  64. Ruskin, D. N., Svedova, J., Cote, J. L., Sandau, U., Rho, J. M., Kawamura, M., Jr.,. Masino, S. A. (2013). Ketogenic diet improves core symptoms of autism in BTBR mice. PLoS One, 8(6), e65021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065021
  65. Saad, K., Abdel-rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., Cannell, J. J., Bjørklund, G.,. Ali, A. M. (2016). Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr Neurosci, 19(8), 346-351. doi:10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000019
  66. Saad, K., Abdel-Rahman, A. A., Elserogy, Y. M., Al-Atram, A. A., El-Houfey, A. A., Othman, H. A.,. Abdel-Salam, A. M. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 59(1), 20-29. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12652
  67. Santocchi, E., Guiducci, L., Fulceri, F., Billeci, L., Buzzigoli, E., Apicella, F.,. Muratori, F. (2016). Gut to brain interaction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a randomized controlled trial on the role of probiotics on clinical, biochemical and neurophysiological parameters. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 183. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0887-5
  68. Spilioti, M., Evangeliou, A. E., Tramma, D., Theodoridou, Z., Metaxas, S., Michailidi, E.,. Gibson, K. M. (2013). Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Front Hum Neurosci, 7, 858. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00858
  69. Spratt, E. G., Nicholas, J. S., Brady, K. T., Carpenter, L. A., Hatcher, C. R., Meekins, K. A.,. Charles, J. M. (2012). Enhanced Cortisol Response to Stress in Children in Autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 42(1), 75-81. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1214-0
  70. Tuohy, K. M., Venuti, P., Cuva, S., Furlanello, C., Gasperotti, M., Mancini, A.,. Vrhovsek, U. (2014). Diet and the Gut Microbiota–How the Gut: Brain Axis Impacts on Autism Diet-Microbe Interactions in the Gut (pp. 225-245): Elsevier.
  71. Whiteley, P., Haracopos, D., Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Parlar, S., Jacobsen, J.,. Shattock, P. (2010). The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutr Neurosci, 13(2), 87-100. doi:10.1179/147683010x12611460763922
  72. Whiteley, P., Shattock, P., Knivsberg, A.-M., Seim, A., Reichelt, K. L., Todd, L.,. Hooper, M. (2012). Gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for autism spectrum conditions. Front Hum Neurosci, 6, 344. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00344