Journals / Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin Health Sciences / 2025 / Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

COMPARISON OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE ENDURANCE, ANAEROBIC POWER, AND FATIGUE INDEX BETWEEN SMOKING AND NON-SMOKING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

SİGARA İÇEN VE İÇMEYEN ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SOLUNUM KAS ENDURANSI, ANAEROBİK GÜÇ VE YORGUNLUK İNDEKSİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Esin Yağmur Kart(Independent researcher)0009-0000-6523-2097
Zeliha Çelik(AMASYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2550-7791
Pages
170–175
Publication Date
2025-12-26
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

There is a need for longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes to more clearly demonstrate the chronic effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory muscle function and anaerobic capacity.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Cigarette smoking negatively affects the structure and function of the diaphragm muscle, as well as aerobic and anaerobic performance.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Thirty-three university students (15 smokers, 18 non-smokers) aged 18–30 years were included in the study.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:There is a need for longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes to more clearly demonstrate the chronic effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory muscle function and anaerobic capacity.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Atletik performans · Kuvvet · Maksimal respiratuar basınçlar

Abstract

Cigarette smoking negatively affects the structure and function of the diaphragm muscle, as well as aerobic and anaerobic performance. However, the early functional effects of smoking in young adults with relatively short-term smoking exposure remain unclear. This study aims to compare respiratory muscle strength and endurance, pulmonary function, anaerobic power, and fatigue index between smoking and non-smoking university students. Thirty-three university students (15 smokers, 18 non-smokers) aged 18–30 years were included in the study. Pulmonary functions and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP, MEP) were measured using a spirometer. Inspiratory muscle endurance was assessed using an incremental threshold loading test with an inspiratory muscle training device. Anaerobic performance and fatigue index were assessed using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The demographic characteristics were similar between groups (p>0.05). Although no statistically significant differences were observed in pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, or RAST parameters (p>0.05), smokers demonstrated lower mean MIP values, approaching clinical significance, and a tendency toward higher fatigue index compared with non-smokers. The observed tendency for lower MIP values and higher fatigue index results among young university students with low smoking exposure indicates that early functional impairments may develop before measurable clinical deficits become evident. There is a need for longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes to more clearly demonstrate the chronic effects of cigarette smoking on respiratory muscle function and anaerobic capacity.

Özet

Sigara içimi diyafram kasının yapısını, fonksiyonunu, aerobik ve anaerobik performansı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Fakat, görece kısa süreli sigara maruziyetine sahip genç yetişkinlerde sigaranın erken dönemdeki fonksiyonel etkileri hâlâ net değildir. Bu çalışma, sigara içen ve içmeyen üniversite öğrencilerinde solunum kas kuvveti ve enduransı, pulmoner fonksiyonlar, anaerobik güç ve yorgunluk indeksini karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmaya 18–30 yaş aralığında, 15’i sigara içen ve 18’i sigara içmeyen toplam 33 üniversite öğrencisi dahil edildi. Pulmoner fonksiyonlar, maksimal inspiratuar ve ekspiratuar basınçlar (MIP, MEP) spirometre kullanılarak değerlendirildi. İnspiratuar kas enduransı, inspiratuar kas eğitim cihazı ile artan eşik yükleme testi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Anaerobik performans ve yorgunluk indeksi ise Koşuya Dayalı Anaerobik Sprint Testi (RAST) ile ölçüldü. Grupların demografik özellikleri benzerdi (p>0.05). Pulmoner fonksiyonlar, solunum kas kuvveti veya RAST parametreleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmamasına rağmen (p>0.05), sigara içenlerde ortalama MIP değerlerinin klinik anlamlılığa yaklaşacak düzeyde daha düşük olduğu ve yorgunluk indeksinin daha yüksek olma eğiliminde olduğu gözlendi. Düşük düzeyde sigara maruziyetine sahip genç üniversite öğrencilerinde MIP değerlerinin düşük ve yorgunluk indeksinin yüksek olma eğilimi, belirgin klinik bozukluklar ortaya çıkmadan önce erken fonksiyonel bozulmaların gelişebileceğini göstermektedir. Sigara içmenin solunum kası fonksiyonu ve anaerobik kapasite üzerindeki kronik etkilerini daha net ortaya koymak için daha geniş örneklemli ve boylamsal çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kart, E. Y., Çelik, Z. (2025). COMPARISON OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLE ENDURANCE, ANAEROBIC POWER, AND FATIGUE INDEX BETWEEN SMOKING AND NON-SMOKING UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin Health Sciences, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 170–175. https://doi.org/10.55895/sshs.1805389

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (21)

  1. Adamczyk, J. (2011). The estimation of the RAST test usefulness in monitoring the anaerobic capacity of sprinters in athletics. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 18(3), 214-218. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10197-011-0017-3
  2. Adatia, A., Wahab, M., Shahid, I., Moinuddin, A., Killian, K. J., & Satia, I. (2021). Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary physiology, muscle strength and exercise capacity in a retrospective cohort with 30,000 subjects. PloS One, 16(6), e0250957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250957
  3. Beaumont, M., Couasnon, C., Péran, L., Berriet, A. C., Ber, C. L., & Pichon, R. (2023). Determination of the minimal important difference for inspiratory muscle strength in people with severe and very severe COPD. Clinical Rehabilitation, 37(11), 1521-1532. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155231174124
  4. Borrelli, M., Doria, C., Toninelli, N., Longo, S., Coratella, G., Cè, E.,Esposito, F. (2024). Cigarette smoking impairs cardiorespiratory and metabolic response at peak incremental exercise and during recovery in young, physically active adults. Medicine and Science in SportsandExercise,57(4),680.https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003602
  5. Ezzati, M., & Lopez, A. D. (2003). Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. The Lancet,362(9387),847852https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(03)14338-3
  6. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  7. Formiga, M. F., Campos, M. A., & Cahalin, L. P. (2018). Inspiratory muscle performance of former smokers and nonsmokers using the test of incremental respiratory endurance. Respiratory Care, 63(1), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.05716
  8. Grudzińska, A., Okrzymowska, P., Tomaszczyk, A., Kałka, D., & Rożek-Piechura, K. (2024). Assessing the consequences of smoking tobacco products with consideration of the forced oscillation technique. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 30, e944406-944401. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.944406
  9. Khattri,R.B.,Thome,T.,Fitzgerald, L. F., Wohlgemuth, S. E., Hepple, R. T., & Ryan, T. E. (2022). NMR spectroscopy identifies chemicals in cigarette smoke condensate that impair skeletal muscle mitochondrialfunction.Toxics,10(3),140.https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030140
  10. King, C., Dodd, S., & Cain, S. (1987). O2 delivery to contracting muscle during hypoxic or CO hypoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63(2), 726-732.https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.2.726
  11. Lee, C.-L., & Chang, W.-D. (2013). The effects of cigarette smoking on aerobic and anaerobic capacity and heart rate variability among female university students. International Journal of Women's Health, 5, 667-679. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S49220
  12. Lista-Paz, A., Langer, D., Barral-Fernández, M., Quintela-del-Río,A.,Gimeno-Santos,E., Arbillaga-Etxarri, A., Veguillas, C. S. (2023). Maximal respiratory pressure reference equations in healthy adults and cut-off points for defining respiratory muscle weakness. Archivos de Bronconeumología,59(12),813820.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2023.08.016
  13. Sheng, H., Zhang, Y., Shi, X., Hu, Y., Pang, B., Jin, J., & Ma, Y. (2020). Functional, ultrastructural, and transcriptomic changes in rat diaphragms with different durations of cigarette smoke exposure. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 15, 3135-3145. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S278327
  14. Stanojevic, S., Kaminsky, D. A., Miller, M. R., Thompson, B., Aliverti, A., Barjaktarevic, I.,. Hall, G. L. (2022). ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. European Respiratory Journal, 60(1).https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01499-2021
  15. Taito, S., Sekikawa, K., Oura, K., Kamikawa, N., Matsuki, R., Kimura, T.,. Hamada, H. (2013). Plasma oxidative stress is induced by single‐sprint anaerobic exercise in young cigarette smokers. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 33(3), 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12007
  16. Turkiewicz, A., Magnusson, K., Timpka, S., Kiadaliri, A., Dell’Isola, A., & Englund, M. (2025). Physical health in young males and risk of chronic musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases by middle age: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 22(1),e1004517.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004517
  17. Unverdorben, M., Mostert, A., Munjal, S., van der Bijl, A., Potgieter, L., Venter, C.,. Roethig, H.-J. (2010). Acute effects of cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57(2-3), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.013
  18. Woszezenki, C. T., Heinzmann-Filho, J. P., Vendrusculo, F. M., Piva, T. C., Levices, I., & Donadio, M. V. F. (2017). Reference values for inspiratory muscle endurance in healthy children and adolescents. PloS One, 12(1), e0170696.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170696
  19. Stanojevic, S., Kaminsky, D. A., Miller, M. R., Thompson, B., Aliverti, A., Barjaktarevic, I.,. Hall, G. L. (2022). ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. European Respiratory Journal, 60(1).https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01499-2021
  20. Taito, S., Sekikawa, K., Oura, K., Kamikawa, N., Matsuki, R., Kimura, T.,. Hamada, H. (2013). Plasma oxidative stress is induced by single‐sprint anaerobic exercise in young cigarette smokers. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 33(3), 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12007
  21. Unverdorben, M., Mostert, A., Munjal, S., van der Bijl, A., Potgieter, L., Venter, C.,. Roethig, H.-J. (2010). Acute effects of cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57(2-3), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.013