Journals / Research on Education and Psychology / 2026 / Volume: 10

Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression in International Students: The Role of Acculturative Stress

Süleyman Akçıl(Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi)0000-0003-4461-5093
Martin Jencius(Kent State University)0000-0003-0479-789X
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-03-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and both acculturative stress and depression.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The primary objective of this study is to investigate the associations among cyberbullying victimization, acculturative stress, and depressive symptoms in international students.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study sample consisted of 178 international undergraduates enrolled at a University in the northeastern region of the United States.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and both acculturative stress and depression.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Acculturative stress · Cyberbullying victimization · Depression

Abstract

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the associations among cyberbullying victimization, acculturative stress, and depressive symptoms in international students. Specifically, the study assesses whether acculturative stress functions as a mediator in the pathway from cyberbullying to depression. The study sample consisted of 178 international undergraduates enrolled at a University in the northeastern region of the United States. The Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Instrument (COASI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Short Form (CESD-SF) and Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students (ASSIS) were employed to gather the study data. Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and both acculturative stress and depression. Moreover, the analysis demonstrated that acculturative stress serves as a partial mediator in the association between cyberbullying experiences and depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the intertwined influence of digital victimization and cultural adjustment challenges on psychological well-being. Consequently, higher education institutions should develop culturally responsive counseling services and preventive programs that simultaneously address online safety and acculturation processes to support this diverse student population.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akçıl, S., Jencius, M. (2026). Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression in International Students: The Role of Acculturative Stress. Research on Education and Psychology, Volume: 10. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1878366

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (38)

  1. Amado, S., Snyder, H. R., & Gutchess, A. (2020). Mind the gap: The relation between identity gaps and depression symptoms in cultural adaptation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01156
  2. Cheung, R. Y. M., Bhowmik, M., & Hue, M. T. (2020). Why does acculturative stress elevate depressive symptoms? A longitudinal study with emotion regulation as a mediator. Journal of Adolescence, 81, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000412
  3. Çimşir, E., & Ünlü Kaynakçı, E. (2024). Acculturative stress and depressive symptoms among international university students: A meta-analytic investigation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 99, 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.101882
  4. Cole, J. C., Rabin, A. S., Smith, T. L., & Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Development and validation of a Rasch-derived CES-D short form. Psychological Assessment, 16(4), 360. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2004-21195-003
  5. Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.230
  6. Forbes-Mewett, H., & Sawyer, A.-M. (2016). International students and mental health. Journal of International Students, 6(3), 661–677. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i3.348
  7. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  8. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
  9. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2015). Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  10. Institute of International Education. (2023). Open doors report on international educational exchange. https://opendoorsdata.org/annual-release/international-students/
  11. Kim, A. S., & Zalaquett, C. (2025). Mediation effect of resilience between stressors and psychological wellbeing of Asian international students. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 47, 294-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-024-09587-8
  12. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  13. Koo, K., Baker, I., & Yoon, J. (2021). The first year of acculturation: A longitudinal study on acculturative stress and adjustment among first-year international college students. Journal of International Students, 11(2), 278–298. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v11i2.1726
  14. Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
  15. Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P., & McCord, A. (2019). A developmental approach to cyberbullying: Prevalence and protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
  16. Lari, S. A., Zumot, M. S., & Fredericks, S. (2025). Navigating mental health challenges in international university students: Adapting to life transitions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1574953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1574953
  17. Luo, M., Duan, Z., & Luo, W. (2025). The increased risk of cyberbullying and its negative impact on mental health among sexual minority college students compared to their peers. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 19(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-025-00895-4
  18. Matos Fialho, P. M., Wenig, V., Heumann, E., Müller, M., Stock, C., & Pischke, C. R. (2025). Digital public health interventions for the promotion of mental well-being and health behaviors among university students: a rapid review. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 2500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23669-1
  19. McLoughlin, L. T., Spears, B. A., Taddeo, C. M., & Hermens, D. F. (2019). Remaining connected in the face of cyberbullying: Why social connectedness is important for mental health. Psychology in the Schools, 56(6), 945–958. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22232
  20. Mesidor, J. K., & Sly, K. F. (2016). Factors that contribute to the adjustment of international students. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 262–282. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v6i1.569
  21. Mori, S. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02571.x
  22. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 616-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x
  23. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Defining cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.014
  24. Poyrazli, S., Thukral, R. K., & Duru, E. (2010). International students race-ethnicity, personality and accultrative stress. International Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(2), 25-32. Retrieved from https://journal-backups.lon1.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/main/article/article1380360045_Poyrazlit%20al.pdf
  25. Sandhu, D. S., & Asrabadi, B. R. (1994). Development of an acculturative stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75(1), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.435
  26. Schenk, A. M., & Fremouw, W. J. (2012). Prevalence, psychological impact, and coping of cyberbully victims among college students. Journal of School Violence, 11(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.630310
  27. Schenk, A. M., Fremouw, W. J., & Keelan, C. M. (2013). Characteristics of college cyberbullies. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2320–2327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.013
  28. Selkie, E. M., Kota, R., Chan, Y.-F., & Moreno, M. (2015). Cyberbullying, depression, and problem alcohol use in female college students: A multisite study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(2), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0371
  29. Shadowen, H. N., Williamson, A. A., Guerra, N. G., Ammigan, R., & Drexler, M. L. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among international students: Implications for university support offices. Journal of International Students, 9(1), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i1.277
  30. Smith, L., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004
  31. Su, C., Flett, G. L., Akalonu, C. S., Chen, A., & Thompson, K. (2025). The impacts of belongingness on the well-being of international students in Canada during Covid-19: The mediating role of perceived stress and acculturation stress. Psychology and Mental Health Care, 9(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/328
  32. Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  33. UNESCO. (2023). Higher education statistics. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/higher-education
  34. Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Luk, J. W. (2012). Patterns of adolescent bullying behaviors: Physical, verbal, exclusion, rumor, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(5), 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2012.03.004
  35. Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Mallen, M. J., Ku, T. Y., Liao, K. Y. H., & Wu, T. F. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students. Journal of counseling psychology, 54(4), 385. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2007-13638-004
  36. Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(6), 913–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237
  37. Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2010). International students' reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951507031000114058
  38. Zhai, Y., Xiong, Y., Almaawali, M., Tian, X., & Du, X. (2025). National trends of mental health and service utilisation among international students in the USA, 2015–2024. General Psychiatry, 38(5), e102124. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2025-102124