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Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Volume: 2026 Issue: 2

Fabrication of a Nizatidine–Selective PVC Membrane Potentiometric Sensor in Biological Samples and Its Greenness Assessment

Oğuz Özbek(TOKAT GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5185-9681
Muhammed Elik(TOKAT GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY)0009-0005-4192-6576
Juan Santiago Hidalgo Viteri(Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo)0000-0002-6535-7954
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-06-26
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In addition, the environmental sustainability of the method was comprehensively assessed using AGREE and GAPI green analytical evaluation tools.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, a selective potentiometric sensor was developed for nizatidine, a widely used drug for the treatment of various gastric disorders.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Initially, the nizatidine–tetraphenylborate (NZ–TPB) ion pair was synthesized and subsequently incorporated as the electroactive sensing material in polymeric membrane sensors.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In addition, the environmental sustainability of the method was comprehensively assessed using AGREE and GAPI green analytical evaluation tools.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Nizatidine · ion pair · sensor

Abstract

In this study, a selective potentiometric sensor was developed for nizatidine, a widely used drug for the treatment of various gastric disorders. Initially, the nizatidine–tetraphenylborate (NZ–TPB) ion pair was synthesized and subsequently incorporated as the electroactive sensing material in polymeric membrane sensors. The optimal membrane composition was determined to be 3.0% NZ–TPB ion pair, 32.0% poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and 65.0% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE). Water layer tests were performed on the prepared sensor, and its surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The developed nizatidine-selective potentiometric sensor exhibited a linear response over the concentration range of 1.0×10-2–1.0×10-5 M, with a detection limit of 5.91×10-6 M. The sensor exhibited a stable performance over a pH range of 4.0–10.0, with an average response time of approximately 10 s. he proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of nizatidine in fetal bovine serum (FBS) samples, achieving satisfactory recoveries of up to 96.70%. In addition, the environmental sustainability of the method was comprehensively assessed using AGREE and GAPI green analytical evaluation tools.

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Cite This Article

Özbek, O., Elik, M., Viteri, J. S. H. (2026). Fabrication of a Nizatidine–Selective PVC Membrane Potentiometric Sensor in Biological Samples and Its Greenness Assessment. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Volume: 2026 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1950103

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References (45)

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  25. Belal TS, Abdel-Hay MH, Sabry SM, Mahgoub AA. HPLC-DAD stability indicating determination of nizatidine in bulk and capsules dosage form. Bull Fac Pharmacy, Cairo Univ. 2013 Dec;51(2):185–91. Available from:.
  26. Youssef RM. Validated stability-indicating methods for the determination of nizatidine in the presence of its sulfoxide derivative. J AOAC Int. 2008 Jan 1;91(1):73–82. Available from:.
  27. Imre S, Vlase L, Leucuţa SE. HPLC method for quantification of nizatidine and its N-desmethylmetabolite in human plasma. Rev Roum Chim. 2007;52(3):261–6. Available from:.
  28. Shang DW, Wang ZZ, Ni XJ, Zhang M, Hu JQ, Qiu C, et al. Development and validation of a sensitive LC–MS/MS assay for the quantification of nizatidine in human plasma and urine and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B. 2015 Aug;998–999:80–7. Available from:.
  29. Garg RK, Singhvi I. UV spectrophotometric method development and validation for quantitative estimation of nizatidine. J Innov Pharm Biol Sci. 2015 Jul 6;333–6. Available from:.
  30. Altunoluk OC, Özbek O, Kalay E, Berkel C, Isildak Ö. Synthesis and use of novel rhodanine derivatives to fabricate potentiometric sensors for the determination of toxic heavy metal ions. Microchem J. 2025 Nov;218:115090. Available from:.
  31. Zayed MA, Abbas AA, Mahmoud WH, Ali AE, Mohamed GG. Development and surface characterization of a bis(aminotriazoles) derivative based renewable carbon paste electrode for selective potentiometric determination of Cr(III) ion in real water samples. Microchem J. 2020 Dec;159:105478. Available from:.
  32. Özbek O, Cakmak ME, Akar KB, Isildak Ö. Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical applications of a new lawsone molecule: Potentiometric determination of Cr(III) Ions with low detection limit. ChemistrySelect. 2025 Apr 28;10(13):e202500746. Available from:.
  33. Cakmak ME, Özbek O, Akar KB, Gürdere MB. Selective and fast potentiometric sensors based on thiosemicarbazone with low detection limit for the determination of Cu2+ ions. Microchem J. 2025 Feb;209:112894. Available from:.
  34. Kalay E, Özbek O, Elik M, Berkel C, Aslan ON. The synthesis, sensor and biological properties of two novel rhodanine derivative molecules. J Indian Chem Soc. 2025 Feb;102(2):101591. Available from:.
  35. Altunoluk OC, Özbek O, Kalay E, Berkel C, Isildak Ö. Synthesis of new rhodanine derivative molecules, their biological properties and sensor applications in environmental samples. BMC Chem. 2026 Mar 28;20(1):96. Available from:.
  36. Özbek O, Elik M. Potentiometric determination of anti-inflammatory drug etodolac in pharmaceutical samples and its greenness assessment. Chem Pap. 2025 Sep 12;79(9):5765–73. Available from:.
  37. Kanberoglu GS, Coldur F, Topcu C, Cubuk O. PVC-membrane potentiometric sensor for the determination of tamoxifen in pharmaceutical formulations. IEEE Sens J. 2015 Nov;15(11):6199–207. Available from:.
  38. Akyasan A, Özbek O, Akbaş H, Işıldak Ö. Protic ionic liquid based potentiometric sensors: High selectivity detection of silver(I) ions. ChemistrySelect. 2025 Jan 22;10(3):e202405507. Available from:.
  39. Elik M, Kogu AA, Özbek O, Gürdere MB. Thiosemicarbazone–based highly selective potentiometric sensor for the determination of copper(II) ions. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces. 2025 Jan;18:100464. Available from:.
  40. Özbek O, Altunoluk OC. Potentiometric determination of the local anesthetic procaine in pharmaceutical samples. Anal Biochem. 2024 Dec;695:115657. Available from:.
  41. Buck RP, Lindner E. Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes (IUPAC Recommendations 1994). Pure Appl Chem. 1994 Jan 1;66(12):2527–36. Available from:.
  42. Umezawa Y, Bühlmann P, Umezawa K, Tohda K, Amemiya S. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients of ion-selective electrodes. Part I. Inorganic cations (Technical report). Pure Appl Chem. 2000 Jan 1;72(10):1851–2082. Available from:.
  43. Hambly B, Guzinski M, Pendley B, Lindner E. Evaluation, pitfalls and recommendations for the “water layer test” for solid contact ion‐selective electrodes. Electroanalysis. 2020 Apr 17;32(4):781–91. Available from:.
  44. Pena-Pereira F, Wojnowski W, Tobiszewski M. AGREE—Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Anal Chem. 2020 Jul 21;92(14):10076–82. Available from:.
  45. Płotka-Wasylka J, Wojnowski W. Complementary green analytical procedure index (ComplexGAPI) and software. Green Chem. 2021;23(21):8657–65. Available from:.