Journals / Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Deep Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis and Temporal Trends in X Posts on Compulsory Distance Education During Crisis Periods

Zorunlu Uzaktan Eğitim Süreçlerinde X Gönderilerinin Derin Öğrenme Tabanlı Duygu Analizi Ve Zamansal Eğilimleri

Tuğba Cansu Topallı(ONDOKUZ MAYIS ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5910-6649
Mehmet Fırat(ANADOLU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8707-5918
Pages
1243–1255
Publication Date
2026-05-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results indicate that negative sentiments are predominantly associated with technical infrastructure limitations, access problems, and reduced social interaction.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates public perceptions of compulsory distance education during large-scale crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and a major earthquake by analyzing posts shared on the social media platform X.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The analysis covers multiple time periods between 2020 and 2023, representing distinct crisis contexts, enabling a comparative evaluation of sentiment dynamics across crisis types.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results indicate that negative sentiments are predominantly associated with technical infrastructure limitations, access problems, and reduced social interaction.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2020 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Uzaktan eğitim · Duygu analizi · Yapay zekâ

Abstract

This study investigates public perceptions of compulsory distance education during large-scale crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and a major earthquake by analyzing posts shared on the social media platform X. A Python-based data processing pipeline was developed, and a GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit)–based deep learning model was employed to perform binary sentiment classification of distance-education-related content. The analysis covers multiple time periods between 2020 and 2023, representing distinct crisis contexts, enabling a comparative evaluation of sentiment dynamics across crisis types. The proposed approach incorporates preprocessing steps tailored to crisis-specific linguistic patterns and demonstrates consistent classification performance across temporally heterogeneous datasets. The results indicate that negative sentiments are predominantly associated with technical infrastructure limitations, access problems, and reduced social interaction. Temporal analyses further reveal a marked increase in negative sentiment intensity during prolonged lockdown periods. The findings are interpreted within the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, demonstrating that the model applies not only to voluntary technology adoption but also to abrupt and mandatory transitions under crisis conditions. Overall, the study shows that combining social media data with deep learning-based sentiment analysis provides a scalable and generalizable framework for monitoring public perceptions of distance education during crises.

Özet

Bu çalışma, pandemi ve deprem gibi büyük ölçekli kriz dönemlerinde zorunlu olarak uygulanan uzaktan eğitime ilişkin toplumsal algıyı, sosyal medya platformu X üzerinden paylaşılan gönderiler aracılığıyla incelemektedir. Python tabanlı bir veri işleme hattı oluşturulmuş ve uzaktan eğitime yönelik duygu durumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) tabanlı bir derin öğrenme modeli kullanılarak ikili duygu sınıflandırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler, 2020–2023 yılları arasında farklı kriz dönemlerini temsil eden zaman dilimlerini kapsayacak şekilde yürütülmüş ve kriz türlerine bağlı duygu değişimleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Önerilen yaklaşım, kriz dönemlerine özgü dilsel örüntüleri dikkate alan ön işleme adımlarıyla farklı dönemlere ait veri kümeleri üzerinde tutarlı sınıflandırma performansı sunmaktadır. Bulgular, olumsuz duyguların ağırlıklı olarak teknik altyapı yetersizlikleri, erişim sorunları ve sosyal etkileşim eksikliği ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Zamansal analizler, pandemi sürecindeki zorunlu evde kalma uygulamalarıyla olumsuz duygu yoğunluğu arasında belirgin bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuçlar, Birleştirilmiş Teknoloji Kabul ve Kullanım Teorisi (UTAUT) çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve bu yaklaşımın kriz koşullarında teknoloji kullanımını açıklamada işlevsel olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma, sosyal medya verileri ve derin öğrenme tabanlı duygu analizinin birlikte kullanımının, kriz dönemlerine ilişkin toplumsal algıların büyük ölçekli ve zamansal olarak izlenmesine olanak tanıyan genellenebilir bir çerçeve sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Topallı, T. C., Fırat, M. (2026). Deep Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis and Temporal Trends in X Posts on Compulsory Distance Education During Crisis Periods. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 1243–1255. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1910541

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (49)

  1. Adeniyi, J. K., Adeniyi, A. E., Oguns, Y. J., Egbedokun, G. O., Ajagbe, K. D., Obuzor, P. C., & Ajagbe, S. A. (2022). Comparison of the performance of machine learning techniques in the prediction of employee. ParadigmPlus, 3(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.55969/paradigmplus.v3n3a1
  2. Ahmad, K., Iqbal, W., El-Hassan, A., Qadir, J., Benhaddou, D., Ayyash, M., & Al-Fuqaha, A. (2023). Data-driven artificial intelligence in education: A comprehensive review. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. DOI: 10.1109/TLT.2023.3314610
  3. Alhazmi, S., Khan, S., & Syed, M. H. (2023). Learning-Related Sentiment Detection, Classification, and Application for a Quality Education Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Intelligent Automation ve Soft Computing, 36(3). DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.036297
  4. Anderson, T. (2017). How Communities of Inquiry Drive Teaching and Learning in the Digital Age. Contact North|Contact Nord. https://teachonline.ca/tools-trends/insights-online-learning/2018-02-27/how-communities-inquiry-drive-teaching-and-learning-digital-age
  5. Aydın, C. R., & Güngör, T. (2021). Sentiment analysis in Turkish: Supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised techniques. Natural Language Engineering, 27(4), 455-483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324920000200
  6. Aydın, Z. E., Oztürk, Z. K., & Çiçek, Z. İ. E. (2021). Turkish Sentiment Analysis For Open And Distance Education Systems. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.961825
  7. Ayvaz, S., Yıldırım, S., & Salman, Y. B. (2019). Türkçe duygu kütüphanesi geliştirme: Sosyal medya verileriyle duygu analizi çalışması. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(16), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.537085
  8. Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009). Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.".
  9. Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in a time of global crisis due to CoronaVirus pandemic. Asian journal of distance education, 15(1), i-vi. https://asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/447/297
  10. Dervenis, C., Kanakis, G., & Fitsilis, P. (2024). Sentiment analysis of student feedback: A comparative study employing lexicon and machine learning techniques. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 83, 101406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2024.101406
  11. Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of educational technology systems, 49(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
  12. Esen, M. F. (2021). Covid-19 ile İlişkili Türkçe Sosyal Medya Paylaşımlarının İçerik Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum, 11(3), 113-137. https://izlik.org/JA59WM93DM
  13. Gencer, E. G., Kesbiç, K., & Arık, B. M. (2021). Covid-19 etkisinde Türkiye’de eğitim: Uzaktan eğitim süreci ve öneriler. TÜSİAD. TUSİAD. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/download/9623_4b24613c9a2782de2a0077fc71309cc1
  14. Giachanou, A., & Crestani, F. (2016). Like it or not: A survey of twitter sentiment analysis methods. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 49(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1145/2938640
  15. Grimalt-Álvaro, C., & Usart, M. (2024). Sentiment analysis for formative assessment in higher education: a systematic literature review. Journal of computing in higher education, 36(3), 647-682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-023-09370-5
  16. Gürbüz, M., Sürmeli, D., Taşkın, K., & Cebeci, H. İ. (2024). Otellere için paylaşılan çevre ile alakalı yorumların metin madenciliği ile analizi: Antalya otelleri üzerine bir araştırma. Business ve Management Studies: An International Journal, 12(1), 218-239. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v12i1.2369
  17. Hakkani-Tür, D. Z., Oflazer, K., & Tür, G. (2002). Statistical morphological disambiguation for agglutinative languages. Computers and the Humanities, 36(4), 381-410. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020271707826
  18. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., & Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of “big data” on cloud computing: Review and open research issues. Information systems, 47, 98-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2014.07.006
  19. Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004702813_021
  20. Islam, M. S., Kabir, M. N., Ghani, N. A., Zamli, K. Z., Zulkifli, N. S. A., Rahman, M. M., & Moni, M. A. (2024). Challenges and future in deep learning for sentiment analysis: a comprehensive review and a proposed novel hybrid approach. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(3), 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10651-9
  21. Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2024). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. In (Draft of August 24, 2025 ed.).
  22. Kabakuş, A. T. (2017). Twitter tabanlı duygu analizi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Düzce Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  23. Kandıran, E., Gumus, B., & Özer, M. A. (2022). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde uzaktan eğitimin twitter yansımalarının duygu analizi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 8(3), 228-242. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.1102248
  24. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
  25. Karaahmetoğlu, E., Ersöz, S., & Karaahmetoglu, O. (2021). SOSYAL AĞ TABANLI VERİLERDEN FAYDALANARAK KORONA VİRÜS KONULU DUYGU ANALİZİ ÇALIŞMASI. Ergonomi, 4(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.824333
  26. Karakoç, H. T., & Alkaç, D. (2025). Sosyal Medya Krizlerinin Tüketicilerin Marka İmajı Algıları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Patiswiss Çikolata Markası Örneği. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 9(3), 964-981. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1632373
  27. Khan, M. N., Ashraf, M. A., Seinen, D., Khan, K. U., & Laar, R. A. (2021). Social media for knowledge acquisition and dissemination: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on collaborative learning driven social media adoption. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 648253. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648253
  28. Kim, J. (2020). Learning and teaching online during Covid-19: Experiences of student teachers in an early childhood education practicum. International journal of early childhood, 52(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00272-6
  29. Lin, P., & Luo, X. (2020, October). A survey of sentiment analysis based on machine learning. In CCF International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing (pp. 372-387). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60450-9_30
  30. Marinoni, G., Van’t Land, H., & Jensen, T. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on higher education around the world. IAU global survey report, 23(1), 1-17. http://viduketha.nsf.gov.lk:8585/COVID19_Articles/GRA/The%20impact%20of%20Covid-19%20on%20higher%20569%20iau_covid19_and_he_survey_report_final_may_2020.pdf
  31. Mejova, Y. (2009). Sentiment analysis: An overview. University of Iowa, Computer Science Department. 5. https://www.academia.edu/download/3243118/CompsYelenaMejova.pdf
  32. Metin, İ. A., & Karasulu, B. (2021). İnsanın günlük aktivitelerinin yeni bir veri kümesi: Derin öğrenme tekniklerini kullanarak sınıflandırma performansı için kıyaslama sonuçları. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 759-778. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.772849
  33. Mishra, S., & Misra, A. (2017). Structured and unstructured big data analytics. 2017 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (CTCEEC). DOI: 10.1109/CTCEEC.2017.8454999
  34. Mohammad, S. M., & Turney, P. D. (2013). Crowdsourcing a word–emotion association lexicon. Computational intelligence, 29(3), 436-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x
  35. Nandwani, P., & Verma, R. (2021). A review on sentiment analysis and emotion detection from text. Social network analysis and mining, 11(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-021-00776-6
  36. Onden, A., Kiygi-Calli, M., & Yolbulan-Okan, E. (2018). Brand crisis in social media: Case study using sentiment analysis. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 5(3), 246-254. https://izlik.org/JA94WP39BE
  37. Ozturk, Z. K., Cicek, Z. E., & Ergul, Z. (2017). Sentiment analysis: an application to anadolu university. Acta Physica Polonica A, 132(3), 753-755. Doi: 10.12693/aphyspola.132.753
  38. Parlak, İ. (2022). Türkiye'deki Suriyeli sığınmacılar algısı: Türkçe Twitter verileri ile duygu analizi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü]. https://acikerisim.omu.edu.tr/entities/publication/872bc829-715f-4b13-aa29-cf9494316a89
  39. Relucio, F. S., & Palaoag, T. D. (2018, January). Sentiment analysis on educational posts from social media. In Proceedings of the 9th international conference on E-education, E-business, E-management and E-learning (pp. 99-102). https://doi.org/10.1145/3183586.3183604
  40. Sabancı, B. (2021). Uzaktan eğitim sisteminin öğrenci motivasyonu üzerine etkisi: türkiye’de yapilan anket çalişmalarinin derlenmesi. Türkiye Mesleki ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(6), 148-162. https://doi.org/10.46236/jovosst.984472
  41. Sezgin, S., & Fırat, M. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisinde uzaktan eğitime geçiş ve dijital uçurum tehlikesi. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(4), 37-54. https://izlik.org/JA63SM47HB
  42. Shaik, T., Tao, X., Dann, C., Xie, H., Li, Y., & Galligan, L. (2023). Sentiment analysis and opinion mining on educational data: A survey. Natural Language Processing Journal, 2, 100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlp.2022.100003
  43. Tan, L., Tan, O. K., Sze, C. C., & Goh, W. W. B. (2023). Emotional Variance Analysis: A new sentiment analysis feature set for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning applications. Plos one, 18(1), e0274299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274299
  44. Tohma, K., & Kutlu, Y. (2020). Challenges encountered in Turkish natural language processing studies. Natural and Engineering Sciences, 5(3), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.833188
  45. Tokcaer, S. (2021). Türkçe metinlerde duygu analizi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 16(63), 1514-1534. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.928843
  46. Veletsianos, G., & Kimmons, R. (2020). What (some) students are saying about the switch to remote teaching and learning. Educause Review. https://edtechbooks.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/pdfs/255/3870.pdf
  47. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
  48. Yakar, Ö., Büyüktanır, B., Çil, A. E., & Girgin, A. B. A. (2024). Türkçe Nefret Söylemi Problemi Analizinde Farklı Sınıflandırma Algoritmalarının ve Özellik Seçimi Yöntemlerinin Performans Karşılaştırması. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(53), 97-111. https://izlik.org/JA79AZ43KN
  49. Yirci, R., & Öğüt, S. (2024). Uzaktan Eğitimin Oluşturduğu Fırsatlar/Tehditler Hakkındaki Öğretmen ve Okul Yöneticisi Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi Fırat University]. https://doi.org/10.33907/turkjes.1373094