Journals / BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

THE ANATOLIAN PRINCIPALITIES IN TRAVELOGUES: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, POWER, AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN XIIITH–XIVTH CENTURY ANATOLIA THROUGH THE EYES OF IBN BATTUTA AND MARCO POLO

SEYAHATNAMELERDE ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİ: İBN BATTÛTA VE MARCO POLO’NUN GÖZÜNDEN XIII-XIV. YÜZYIL ANADOLU’SUNDA SİYASİ COĞRAFYA, İKTİDAR VE GÜNDELİK HAYAT

Pages
15–30
Publication Date
2026-08-06
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The primary aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of how these two travelers from different cultural, professional, and religious backgrounds – a Venetian merchant and a Moroccan jurist-Sufi – perceived, described, and categorized the Anatolian Principalities by reconstructing their itineraries, analyzing their observations on political authority (terminology such as melik, emir, sultan), comparing their descriptions of urban fabric and architecture, examining their accounts of religious life including ahi organizations and Sufi lodges (zâviye), assessing their perspectives on trade routes and security, and explaining the differences in their portrayals through their professional identities, the political conjuncture of their travels (Ilkhanid dominance vs. independent principality period), and their specific geographic routes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:This extended summary presents a comparative analysis of two major travelogue sources from the XIIIth and XIVth centuries – Marco Polo’s The Travels and Ibn Battuta’s Rihla – with a specific focus on their depictions of the Anatolian Principalities (Turkish principalities), covering the territories of the Artuqids, Mengüjekids, Saltukids, Aydınids, Çobanids, Candarids, and Hamidids, chronologically examining Marco Polo’s observations (c. 1271-1295) and Ibn Battuta’s travels through the region (c. 1325-1354).
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Key Findings & Data:This extended summary presents a comparative analysis of two major travelogue sources from the XIIIth and XIVth centuries – Marco Polo’s The Travels and Ibn Battuta’s Rihla – with a specific focus on their depictions of the Anatolian Principalities (Turkish principalities), covering the territories of the Artuqids, Mengüjekids, Saltukids, Aydınids, Çobanids, Candarids, and Hamidids, chronologically examining Marco Polo’s observations (c. 1271-1295) and Ibn Battuta’s travels through the region (c. 1325-1354).
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Conclusion & Impact:The primary aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of how these two travelers from different cultural, professional, and religious backgrounds – a Venetian merchant and a Moroccan jurist-Sufi – perceived, described, and categorized the Anatolian Principalities by reconstructing their itineraries, analyzing their observations on political authority (terminology such as melik, emir, sultan), comparing their descriptions of urban fabric and architecture, examining their accounts of religious life including ahi organizations and Sufi lodges (zâviye), assessing their perspectives on trade routes and security, and explaining the differences in their portrayals through their professional identities, the political conjuncture of their travels (Ilkhanid dominance vs. independent principality period), and their specific geographic routes.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Anadolu Principalityleri · Marco Polo · İbn Battûta

Abstract

This extended summary presents a comparative analysis of two major travelogue sources from the XIIIth and XIVth centuries – Marco Polo’s The Travels and Ibn Battuta’s Rihla – with a specific focus on their depictions of the Anatolian Principalities (Turkish principalities), covering the territories of the Artuqids, Mengüjekids, Saltukids, Aydınids, Çobanids, Candarids, and Hamidids, chronologically examining Marco Polo’s observations (c. 1271-1295) and Ibn Battuta’s travels through the region (c. 1325-1354). The primary aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of how these two travelers from different cultural, professional, and religious backgrounds – a Venetian merchant and a Moroccan jurist-Sufi – perceived, described, and categorized the Anatolian Principalities by reconstructing their itineraries, analyzing their observations on political authority (terminology such as melik, emir, sultan), comparing their descriptions of urban fabric and architecture, examining their accounts of religious life including ahi organizations and Sufi lodges (zâviye), assessing their perspectives on trade routes and security, and explaining the differences in their portrayals through their professional identities, the political conjuncture of their travels (Ilkhanid dominance vs. independent principality period), and their specific geographic routes.

Özet

XIII ve XIV. yüzyıllar, Anadolu’da Selçuklu Devleti’nin merkezî otoritesinin zayıfladığı ve bağımsız/yarı bağımsız Türk principalitylerinin ortaya çıktığı bir dönüşüm çağıdır. Bu makale, dönemin iki önemli seyyahı olan Venedikli tüccar Marco Polo (1271-1295) ve Faslı hukukçu-derviş İbn Battûta’nın (1325-1354) Anadolu seyahat notlarını karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Her iki seyyahın rotaları, ziyaret ettikleri principality merkezleri (Artuklu, Mengücekli, Saltuklu, Aydınoğlu, Çobanoğulları, Candaroğulları vb.) ve anlatılarında öne çıkan temalar (ticaret, güvenlik, adalet, dinî hayat, mimari, ahilik teşkilatı) incelenmektedir. Makalenin temel argümanı; Marco Polo, Anadolu principalitylerini öncelikle İlhanlı egemenliği altındaki bir ticari coğrafya ve güzergâh olarak görüp değerlendirirken; İbn Battûta, her bir beyliği müstakil bir siyasi, kültürel ve dinî ünite olarak deneyimlemiş ve ayrıntılı biçimde kaydetmiştir. Bu farklı bakış açıları, seyyahların mesleki kimlikleri, içinde bulundukları siyasi konjonktür ve seyahat güzergâhlarındaki farklılıklarla açıklanabilmektedir. Makale, seyahatnamelerin resmî kroniklerde bulunmayan gündelik hayat, kent morfolojisi, yönetim pratikleri ve beylerin tebaa ile ilişkilerine dair eşsiz veriler sunduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Marco Polo ve İbn Battûta’nın eserleri, Anadolu principalityleri döneminin siyasi coğrafyasını, toplumsal yapısını ve kültürel çeşitliliğini anlamak için birinci elden, karşılaştırmalı ve güvenilir bir kaynak grubu oluşturmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Karakök, T. (2026). THE ANATOLIAN PRINCIPALITIES IN TRAVELOGUES: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, POWER, AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN XIIITH–XIVTH CENTURY ANATOLIA THROUGH THE EYES OF IBN BATTUTA AND MARCO POLO. BELLEK Uluslararası Tarih ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 15–30. https://doi.org/10.52735/bellek.1942973

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