SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

Relationship Between Decision-Making Styles and Mental Toughness: A Study of Chess Athletes

Karar Verme Stilleri ve Zihinsel Dayanıklılık İlişkisi: Satranç Sporcuları Araştırması

Arif Özsarı(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-4753-8049
Halil Uysal(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6538-7312
Murat Tilki(Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı)0000-0002-0538-9196
Mehmet Çağrı Çetın(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-7667-2143
Pages
161–174
Publication Date
2025-10-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, chess athletes were found to have good level of mental toughness.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to examine the relationship between decision-making styles and mental toughness among chess athletes.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study sample consisted of 192 currently licensed and active players.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, chess athletes were found to have good level of mental toughness.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:karar verme stilleri · zihinsel dayanıklılık · satranç oyuncuları

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the relationship between decision-making styles and mental toughness among chess athletes. The study sample consisted of 192 currently licensed and active players. Research data were collected through the General Decision-Making Style Inventory, Mental Toughness Scale, and a demographic information form. Descriptive statistics, as well as correlation and regression analyses, were employed in the study. Correlation analyses revealed that there was a positive and moderate correlation between rational decision-making style and mental toughness, with a negative and weak correlation between avoidant style and mental toughness. Regression analysis demonstrated that the rational style positively predicted mental toughness, whereas the avoidant style negatively predicted mental toughness. In conclusion, chess athletes were found to have good level of mental toughness. Rational decision-making style was identified as a positive predictor of mental resilience, whereas an avoidant style was negatively associated with it.

Özet

Bu araştırma ile satranç sporcularının karar verme stilleri ile zihinsel dayanıklılıkları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu aktif lisanslı 192 satranç sporcusu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri karar verme stilleri ölçeği, zihinsel dayanıklılık ölçeği ve demografik bilgi formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel istatistiğin yanı sıra korelasyon ve regresyon analizlerine yer verilmiştir. Araştırmanın korelâsyon analizi bulgularına göre; Rasyonel karar verme stili ile zihinsel dayanıklılık arasında pozitif yönlü ve orta düzeyli bir ilişki mevcutken iken, kaçınma karar verme stili ile zihinsel dayanıklılık arasında negatif yönlü ve düşük düzeyli bir korelasyon tespit edilmiştir. Regresyon analizi bulgularına göre ise rasyonel karar verme stili zihinsel dayanıklılığı pozitif, kaçınma karar verme stili ise negatif olarak etkilemektedir. Sonuç olarak satranç sporcularının zihinsel dayanıklılık seviyelerinin yüksek olduğu, rasyonel karar verme stilinin zihinsel dayanıklılık üzerinde pozitif etkisi mevcutken, kaçınma karar verme stilinin ise negatif etkisinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Özsarı, A., Uysal, H., Tilki, M., Çetın, M. Ç. (2025). Relationship Between Decision-Making Styles and Mental Toughness: A Study of Chess Athletes. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 161–174. https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1580968

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (67)

  1. Aditya, R. S., Rahmatika, Q. T., Solikhah, F. K., AlMutairi, R. I., Alruwaili, A. S., Astuti, E. S., & Fadila, R. (2024). La Fortaleza Mental Puede Tener Un Impacto En El Rendimiento Del Atleta: Revisión Sistemática (Mental Toughness May Have an Impact on Athlete’s Performance: Systematic Review). Retos, 56, 328–337. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103768
  2. Astuti, Y., Karacam, A., Orhan, B. E., & Adıgüzel, N. S. (2024). Examinando la relación entre los estilos de toma de decisiones de los árbitros de baloncesto y su bienestar mental (Examining the relationship between the decision-making styles of basketball referees and their mental well-being). Retos, 60, 483–489. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106390
  3. Blanch, A. & Llaveria, A. (2021). Ability and non-ability traits in chess skill. Personality and Individual Differences, 179 (2), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110909
  4. Bavol'ar, J., & Orosova, O. (2015). Decision-making styles and their associations with decision-making competencies and mental health. judgment and Decision Making, 10(1), 115-122.
  5. Bull, S. J., Shambrook, C. J., James, W., & Brooks, J. E. (2005). Toward an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), 209-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200591010085
  6. Butt J, Weinberg R, & Culp B (2010). Exploring mental toughness in NCAA athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(2): 316–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jis.3.2.316
  7. Campitelli, G. & Gobet, F. (2004). Adaptive expert decision making: Skilled chess players search more and deeper. International Computer Games Association Journal, 27(4), 209–216. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3233/ICG-2004-27403
  8. Crum, D.M. (2022). Mental toughness and athletic performance: A meta-analysis. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/educ_hess_etds/133
  9. Crust, L., Swann, C., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). The Thin Line: A Phenomenological Study of Mental Toughness and Decision Making in Elite High-Altitude Mountaineers. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 38 6, 598-611. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0109.
  10. Çimen, E. (2022). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin proaktif kişilikleri ile zihinsel güç düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki: Süleyman Demirel üniversitesi örneği. ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.29228/roljournal.54210
  11. Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). The Development and Maintenance of Mental Toughness: Perceptions of Elite Performers. Journal of Sport Science, 26(1), 83-95.
  12. Cowden, R.G. (2016). Competitive performance correlates of mental toughness in tennis: A preliminary analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(1), 341-360. http://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516659902
  13. Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Walsh, R. S. (2021). The potential benefits of non-skills training (mental toughness) for elite athletes: Coping with the negative psychological effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 581431. http://doi.org/10.3389/fsspor.2021.581431
  14. Dilmaç, B., & Bozgeyikli, H. (2009). Öğretmen adaylarının öznel iyi olma ve karar verme stillerinin incelenmesi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 171-187.
  15. Erdogan, N. (2016). Zihinsel Dayanıklılık Ölçeği: Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport,4(2),652-664. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS588
  16. Farnsworth, J.L., Marshal, A., & Myers, N.L. (2021). Mental toughness measures: A systematic review of measurement properties for practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 34: 479-494.
  17. Franklin, G.L., Pereira, B. N. G. V., Lima, N. S. C., Germiniani, F.M.B., Camargo, C.H.F., Caramelli, P., & Teive, H.A.G. (2020). Neurology, psychiatry and the chess game: A narrative review. Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria, 78(3), 169–175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20190187
  18. Gantois, P., Ferreira, M. E., Lima-Junior, D. d., Nakamura, F. Y., Batista, G., Fonseca, F., & Fortes, L. (2019). Effects of Mental Fatigue on Passing Decision-Making Performans in Professional Soccer Athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(4), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781
  19. Gantois, P., Caputo Ferreira, M. E., Lima-Junior, D. d., Nakamura, F. Y., Batista, G. R., Fonseca, F. S., & Fortes, L. D. S. (2020). Effects of mental fatigue on passing decision-making performance in professional soccer athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(4), 534-543. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1656781
  20. Geisler M. & Allwood C. M. (2017). Relating Decision-Making Styles to Social Orientation and Time Approach. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 31(3), 415-429. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2066
  21. George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update. Boston: Pearson
  22. Gucciardi, F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. (2009). Evaluation of a Mental Toughness Training Program for Youth-Aged Australian Footballers: I.A Quantitative Analysis. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 307-323.
  23. Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Mental toughness profiles and their relations with achievement goals and sport motivation in adolescent Australian footballers. Journal of sports sciences, 28(6), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903582792
  24. Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
  25. Gumusdag, H., Egesoy, H., & Şahbudak, E. (2025). Decision Making in Sport: The Role of Attention, Prioritisation and Memory. Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal.
  26. Güler, B., Mergan, B., Kargün, M., & Yazıcı, Ö. F. (2022). Sporcuların akılcı ve sezgisel karar verme stilleri ile zihinsel hazır oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(3),381-396. doi: 10.33468/sbsebd.317
  27. Gürer, B., Karababa, E. M., & Canlı, E. (2019). Doğa Sporları Yapan Bireylerin Zihinsel Dayanıklılığının Karar Verme Becerilerine Etkisi. Türkiye Spor ve Egzersiz Dergisi, 21(1), 144-154. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.543888
  28. Güvendi, B., Can, H., & Türksoy Işım, A. (2020). Triatlon sporcularının zihinsel dayanıklılıklarının karar verme stilleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Güncel Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi (IntJCES), 6(1), 146-160.
  29. Hsieh, Y. C., Lu, F. J., Gill, D. L., Hsu, Y. W., Wong, T. L., & Kuan, G. (2023). Effects of mental toughness on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2204312
  30. Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of applied sport psychology, 14(3), 205-218.
  31. Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A Framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The sport psychologist, 21(2), 243-264. https://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
  32. Kalaycı, S. (2018). SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Turkey: Dynamic Academy.
  33. Kara, M. (2020). Karate branşındaki sporcuların karar verme stilleri ile bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
  34. Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C. & Kinetics, H. (2020). Spor Psikolojisi - Inside Sport Psychology. Demir E., Çadır A. (Çev.) Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  35. Karasar, N. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. 34. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Yay.
  36. Kelecek, S., Altıntaş, A., & Aşçı, F. H. (2013). Sporcuların karar verme stillerinin belirlenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 21-27.
  37. Koç, İ., & Pakyardim, C. (2024). Relationship Between the Mental Toughness, Self-Efficacy and Decision Making in Wrestling Referees. Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns. https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v5i2.253.
  38. Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
  39. Loehr, J. E., & McLaughlin, P. (1988). Mentally tough: The principles of winning at sports applied to winning in business. Rowman & Littlefield.
  40. Madrigal, L., Hamill, S., & Gill, D.L. (2013). Mind over matter: The development of the mental toughness scale. Sport Psychologist, 27(1), 62-77.
  41. Mahoney J. W., Gucciardi D. F., Mallett C. J. & Ntoumanis N (2014). Adolescent performers’ perspectives on mental toughness and its development: The utility of the bioecological model. The Sport Psychologist, 28 (3), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2013-0050
  42. Meggs, J., Chen, M. A., & Koehn, S. (2019). Relationships between flow, mental toughness, and subjective performance perception in various triathletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 126(2), 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518803203
  43. Mertler, C.A., & Vannatta Reinhart, R. (2017). Advanced and Multivariate Statistical Methods: Practical Application and İnterpretation (Sixth edition). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis
  44. Nehass, B., & Zarhbouch, B. (2023). Decision-Making Styles and Their Relationship to Academic Achievement. International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research, 5(3), 562-578
  45. Newland, A., Newton, M., Finch, L., Harbke, C. R., & Podlog, L. (2013). Moderating variables in the relationship between mental toughness and performance in basketball. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(3), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2012.09.002
  46. Norusis, M.J. (2008). SPSS Statistics 17.0 Guide to Data Analysis. Chicago, Published by prentice Hall Inc. O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & quantity, 41, 673-690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6.
  47. Özsarı, A., Pepe, S., & Görücü, A. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between mental endurance and psychological well-being of male chess players. Journal of Men's Health, 18(7), 152. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jomh1807152
  48. Powell, A.J., & Myers, T.D. (2017). Developing mental toughness: Lessons from paralympians. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01270
  49. Selvi, S. (2018). Farklı klasmandaki futbol hakemlerinde şiddet eğilimi, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve karar verme düzeyi: Türkiye Açısından Bir İnceleme. Yüksek Lisans Tezi,Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kocaeli.
  50. Scott, S.G. & Bruce, R.A. (1995). Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(5), 818-831. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164495055005017
  51. Sheard, M. (2009). A cross-national analysis of mental toughness and hardiness in elite university rugby league teams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109(1), 213–223. doi:10.2466/pms.109.1.213-223
  52. Silva, A. F., Conte, D. & Clemente F. M. (2020). Decision-making in youth team-sports players: a systematic review. İnternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 295-302. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113803
  53. Slimani, M., Miarka, B., Briki, W., & Cheour, F. (2016). Comparison of mental toughness and power test performances in high-level kickboxers by competitive success. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(2), https://dx.doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.30840
  54. Stepanyan, L., & Lalayan, G.A. (2024). Stress resilience and decision-making under pressure: Enhancing athletic performance in competitive sports. Georgian medical news, 352-353, 32-37.
  55. Szczepańska A, & Kaźmierczak R. (2022). The theoretical model of decision-making behaviour geospatial analysis using data obtained from the games of chess. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912353
  56. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: pearson.
  57. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2015). Use of Multivariate Statistics. 6th Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson. pp.111.
  58. Taşdelen, Arzu. (2002). Öğretmen adaylarının farklı psiko sosyal değişkenlere göre karar verme stilleri. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  59. Tekkurşun Demir, G., Namlı, S., Hazar, Z., Türkeli, A., & Cicioğlu, H. (2018). Bireysel ve takım sporcularının karar verme stilleri ve mental iyi oluş düzeyleri. C.B.Ü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 176-191.
  60. Uysal, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2022). Normal distribution dilemma. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 12(1), 220-248. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.962653
  61. Villafaina, S., Collado-Mateo, D., Cano-Plasencia, R., Gusi, N., & Fuentes, J.P. (2019). Electroencephalographic response of chess players in decision-making processes under time pressure. Physiology and Behavior,198, 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.017
  62. Westlund Stewart, N., & Hall, C. (2017). The effects of cognitive general imagery training on decision-making abilities in curling: A single-subject multiple baseline approach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(2), 119-133.
  63. Wheatley, C., Batey, M., Denovan, A., & Dagnall, N. (2023). Mental toughness in the football association women’s super league: Relationships with playing experience, perceptions of club infrastructure, support mechanisms and self-esteem. PLoS ONE 18(5), e0285594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285594
  64. Yarayan, Y. E., Yıldız, A. B. & Gülşen, D.B. A. (2018). Elit düzeyde bireysel ve takım sporu yapan sporcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi,11(57), 992-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2509
  65. Aditya, R. S., Rahmatika, Q. T., Solikhah, F. K., AlMutairi, R. I., Alruwaili, A. S., Astuti, E. S., & Fadila, R. (2024). La Fortaleza Mental Puede Tener Un Impacto En El Rendimiento Del Atleta: Revisión Sistemática (Mental Toughness May Have an Impact on Athlete’s Performance: Systematic Review). Retos, 56, 328–337. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103768
  66. Astuti, Y., Karacam, A., Orhan, B. E., & Adıgüzel, N. S. (2024). Examinando la relación entre los estilos de toma de decisiones de los árbitros de baloncesto y su bienestar mental (Examining the relationship between the decision-making styles of basketball referees and their mental well-being). Retos, 60, 483–489. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106390
  67. Crust, L., Swann, C., & Allen-Collinson, J. (2016). The Thin Line: A Phenomenological Study of Mental Toughness and Decision Making in Elite High-Altitude Mountaineers. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 38 6, 598-611. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0109.