Journals / Anatolian Current Medical Journal / 2025 / Volume: 7 Issue: 6

Risk factors for post-transplant diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant recipients: a single-center retrospective study

Transplantasyon sonrası diyabet mellitusun greft sağkalımı ve mortalite üzerindeki etkisi: tek merkezli retrospektif kohort çalışması

Ümit Çakmak(ANTALYA ÖZEL MEMORİAL HASTANESİ)0000-0003-0155-5633
Özgür Merhametsiz(Nephrology Department of Yeniyüzyıl University Private Gaziosmanpaşa Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey)0000-0001-7846-4911
Süleyman Akkaya(UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, DİYARBAKIR GAZİ YAŞARGİL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER, DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, DEPARTMENT OF CARDIOLOGY)0000-0003-3214-4837
Nurettin Ay(University of Health Sciences, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, Transplantation Department, Diyarbakır, Turkey)0000-0002-6681-2349
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-10-26
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Notably, no significant differences in graft survival or mortality were observed between PTDM and non-PTDM groups, despite PTDM's known adverse effects.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aims: Kidney transplantation is one of the preferred treatment modalities in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and significantly preserves kidney function and the patient's quality of life.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The main aims of our study were to determine the risk factors associated with the development of PTDM in renal transplant patients, to demonstrate its incidence, and to evaluate its long-term consequences on graft and patient survival.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Notably, no significant differences in graft survival or mortality were observed between PTDM and non-PTDM groups, despite PTDM's known adverse effects.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:2014 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Kidney transplantation · post-transplant diabetes mellitus · risk factors

Abstract

Aims: Kidney transplantation is one of the preferred treatment modalities in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and significantly preserves kidney function and the patient's quality of life. However, post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common complication, occurring in approximately one-third of renal transplant recipients. The main aims of our study were to determine the risk factors associated with the development of PTDM in renal transplant patients, to demonstrate its incidence, and to evaluate its long-term consequences on graft and patient survival. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 242 non-diabetic kidney transplant recipients who underwent transplantation between January 2014 and December 2022. Patients with pre-existing diabetes, younger than 18 years old, multiple transplants or graft survival of less than one year were excluded. Demographic data, immunosuppressive regimens, perioperative glucose levels and laboratory findings were collected. All patients classified as having PTDM required glucose lowering treatment—either oral antidiabetic agents or insulin—initiated after the third month post-transplant, confirming the persistence of hyperglycemia beyond the early postoperative period. Statistical analysis were performed using IBM SPSS 22 with categorical variables compared using Pearson Chi-square test and continuous variables using Mann-Whitney U test. ROC analysis logistic regression were conducted to identify risk factors for PTDM. Results: PTDM developed more frequently in older (45 vs. 33 years, p<0.001) and higher body-mass index (BMI) recipients (26 vs. 21.7 kg/m², p<0.001). Pretransplant hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) were significantly more common in the PTDM group (48.6% vs. 29.3%, p=0.020; 13.5% vs. 2%, p=0.003). ROC analysis identified cutoff values of 36.5 years for age (AUC 0.701) and 24.5 kg/m² for BMI (AUC 0.732) in predicting PTDM. In multivariate logistic regression, independent predictors of PTDM were recipient age, BMI, pretransplant CAD, perioperative glucose level, and duration of renal replacement therapy. Among them, BMI and pretransplant CAD showed the strongest associations (OR 1.205, p<0.001; OR 7.373, p=0.015). Conclusion: The study found a 15.2% incidence of PTDM. Older age, higher BMI, pre-transplant CAD, and elevated perioperative glucose levels were identified as key risk factors. Notably, no significant differences in graft survival or mortality were observed between PTDM and non-PTDM groups, despite PTDM's known adverse effects.

Özet

Amaç: Böbrek transplantasyonu, son dönem böbrek hastalığında (SDBH) tercih edilen tedavi yöntemlerinden biri olup, böbrek fonksiyonlarını ve hastanın yaşam kalitesini önemli ölçüde korur. Ancak, post-transplant diyabetes mellitus (PTDM) sık görülen bir komplikasyondur ve böbrek nakli alıcılarının yaklaşık üçte birinde ortaya çıkar. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, böbrek nakli alıcılarında PTDM gelişimi ile ilişkili risk faktörlerini belirlemek, insidansını göstermek ve uzun dönem greft ile hasta sağkalımı üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Yöntemler: Tek merkezli retrospektif bu çalışmaya Ocak 2014 – Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında böbrek transplantasyonu yapılan 242 diyabetik olmayan hasta dahil edilmiştir. Önceden diyabeti olan, 18 yaşından küçük, çoklu transplant geçiren veya greft sağkalımı bir yıldan az olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmemiştir. Demografik veriler, immünsüpresif tedavi rejimleri, perioperatif glukoz düzeyleri ve laboratuvar bulguları kayıt edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler IBM SPSS 22 programı kullanılarak yapılmış; kategorik değişkenler Pearson Ki-kare testi, sürekli değişkenler Mann-Whitney U testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. PTDM risk faktörlerini belirlemek için ROC analizi ve lojistik regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda PTDM insidansı %15,2 olarak bulunmuştur. PTDM gelişen hastalar daha yaşlı (45 vs. 33 yıl, p<0,001) ve daha yüksek vücut kitle indeksine (VKİ) sahipti (26 kg/m² vs. 21,7 kg/m², p<0,001). PTDM grubunda pre-transplant hipertansiyon ve koroner arter hastalığı (KAH) daha yaygındı. Çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizinde, yüksek VKİ (OR: 1,133, %95 GA: 1,037-1,238, p=0,006), pre-transplant KAH(OR: 5,678, %95 GA: 1,247-25,852, p=0,025) ve yüksek perioperatif glukoz düzeyleri (OR: 1,013, %95 GA: 1,003-1,023, p=0,013) bağımsız PTDM risk faktörleri olarak saptanmıştır. Ortalama 6 yıllık takip süresinde PTDM ve PTDM olmayan gruplar arasında greft sağkalımı veya mortalite açısından anlamlı fark gözlenmemiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmada PTDM insidansı %15,2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Daha ileri yaş, yüksek VKİ, pre-transplant KAH ve yüksek perioperatif glukoz düzeyleri önemli risk faktörleri olarak saptanmıştır. PTDM’nin bilinen olumsuz etkilerine rağmen, PTDM ve PTDM olmayan gruplar arasında greft sağkalımı veya mortalite açısından anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çakmak, Ü., Merhametsiz, Ö., Akkaya, S., Ay, N. (2025). Risk factors for post-transplant diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant recipients: a single-center retrospective study. Anatolian Current Medical Journal, Volume: 7 Issue: 6. https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1796033

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (26)

  1. Turkey 2022 National Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation Registry Report." 2022. https://nefroloji.org.tr/uploads/pdf/REGISTRY2022_ web.pdf
  2. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson D, et al. Diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transpl. 2003;3(2):178-185. doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00010.x
  3. Gomes MB, Cobas RA. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2009;5(1):1-14. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-1-14
  4. Hecking M, Werzowa, J, Haidinger M, et al. Novel views on new-onset diabetes after transplantation: development, prevention and treatment. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2013;28(3):550-566. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs583
  5. Lv C, Chen M, Xu M, et al. Influencing factors of new-onset diabetes after renal transplant and their effects on complications and survival rate. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99406. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099406
  6. Einollahi B, Motalebi M, Salesi M, et al. The impact of cytomegalovirus infection on new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: a review on current findings. J Nephropathol. 2014;3(4):139-148. doi:10. 12860/jnp.2014.27
  7. Ling Q, Xu X, Xie H, et al. New-onset diabetes after liver transplantation: a national report from China Liver Transplant Registry. Liver Int. 2016; 36:705-712. doi:10.1111/liv.13042
  8. Cehic MG, Nundall N, Greenfield JR, Macdonald PS. Management strategies for posttransplant diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation: a review. J Transplant. 2018;2018:1025893. doi:10.1155/2018/1025893
  9. American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes— 2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43:S14-S31. doi:10.2337/dc20-S002
  10. Sharif A, Hecking M, de Vries APJ, et al. International consensus on post-transplantation diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024: 28;39:531-549. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad258
  11. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;2:1-138.
  12. Brzezinska B, Junik R, Kaminska A, et al. Factors associated with glucose metabolism disorder after kidney transplantation. Endokrynol Pol. 2013;64:21-25.
  13. Cosio FG, Pesavento TE, Osei K, et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus: increasing incidence in renal allograft recipients transplanted in recent years. Kidney Int. 2001;59(2):732-737. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001. 059002732.x
  14. Kirnap NG, Bozkus Y, Haberal M. Analysis of risk factors for posttransplant diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: single-center experience. Exp Clin Transplant. 2020;18(Suppl 1):36-40. doi:10. 6002/ect.TOND-TDTD2019.O8
  15. Kahn SE. The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46(1):3-19. doi:10.1007/s00125-002-1009-0
  16. 2019 Guidelines on the management of diabetic patients. A position of Diabetes Poland. Clin Diabetol. 2019;8(1):1-95. doi:10.5603/DK.2019.0001
  17. Axelrod DA, Cheungpasitporn W, Bunnapradist S, et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression selection in older and obese kidney recipients. Kidney Med. 2021;22:4:100377. doi:10.1016/j.xkme. 2021.08.012
  18. Malik RF, Jia Y, Mansour SG, Reese PP, et al. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant recipients: a multicenter study. Kidney360. 2021;2:1296-1307. doi:10.34067/KID.0000862021
  19. Hjelmesaeth J, Flyvbjerg A, Jenssen T, et al. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance after renal transplantation: impact of immunosuppressive and antihypertensive drug therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(3):575-582. doi:10.2215/CJN.01471005
  20. von Düring ME, Jenssen T, Bollerslev J, et al. Visceral fat is better related to impaired glucose metabolism than body mass index after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int. 2015;28(10):1162-1171. doi:10.1111/tri.12606
  21. Beddhu S, Pappas LM, Ramkumar N, et al. Effects of body size and body composition on survival in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(9):2366-2372. doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000083905.72794.e6
  22. Eckel RH. Mechanisms of the components of the metabolic syndrome that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic CVD. Proc Nutrition Soc. 2007;66(1):82-95. doi:10.1017/S0029665107005320
  23. Cosio FG, Kudva Y, van der Velde M, et al. New onset hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are associated with increased cardiovascular risk after kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2005;67(6):2415-2421. doi:10. 1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00349.x
  24. Kanbay M, Siriopol D, Guldan M, et al. Prognostic impact of post-transplant diabetes mellitus in kidney allograft recipients: a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2025;40(3):554-576. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae185
  25. Frydrych LM, Fattahi F, He K, et al. Diabetes and sepsis: risk, recurrence, and ruination. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017;30:8:271. doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00271
  26. Unlütürk U, Yıldırım T, Savaş M, et al. Effect of post-transplant diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular events and mortality: a single-center retrospective cohort study. Endocrine. 2024;85(2):695-703. doi:10.1007/s12020-024-03770-y