SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Natural enemies of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on vineyards in Diyarbakır, Mardin and Elazığ Provinces, Türkiye

Diyarbakır, Mardin ve Elazığ İlleri üzüm bağlarında Planococcus ficus (Signoret)'un (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) doğal düşmanları

Mustafa Ataş(DİYARBAKIR ZİRAİ MÜCADELE ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ)0000-0003-2943-0154
George Japoshvili(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University)0000-0002-9901-4554
Mehmet Kaydan(CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-0677-255X
Pages
48–59
Publication Date
2025-12-25
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Notably, Gyranusoidea hecale (Noyes & Hayat) (Encyrtidae) and Sympherobius domesticus (Nakahara) (Hemerobiidae) are reported here for the first time from Türkiye.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is a major pest of vineyards across the Mediterranean region.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The most common parasitoid species identified were Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) (12.23%), Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (5.88%), and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault) (2.58%).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Notably, Gyranusoidea hecale (Noyes & Hayat) (Encyrtidae) and Sympherobius domesticus (Nakahara) (Hemerobiidae) are reported here for the first time from Türkiye.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Parazitoit · Avcı · Biyolojik mücadele

Abstract

Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) is a major pest of vineyards across the Mediterranean region. In the present study, intensive infestations of P. ficus were detected in several localities, causing serious damage to vineyards in the provinces of Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Elazığ in Türkiye. Surveys were conducted to identify the natural enemies associated with this pest. The study revealed the presence of eight parasitoid species belonging to the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), one coccinellid parasitoid and three hyperparasitoid species within the families Aphelinidae and Eulophidae. Hyperparasitoids were observed to parasitise the primary parasitoids of P. ficus. The most common parasitoid species identified were Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) (12.23%), Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (5.88%), and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault) (2.58%). In addition, the hyperparasitoid Marietta picta (André) was found at a rate of 15.76% on different Planococcus parasitoid species. Several predatory insects were also identified, including seven species from Coccinellidae, one from Chrysopidae, two from Hemerobiidae, and one from Cecidomyiidae. Notably, Gyranusoidea hecale (Noyes & Hayat) (Encyrtidae) and Sympherobius domesticus (Nakahara) (Hemerobiidae) are reported here for the first time from Türkiye.

Özet

Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Akdeniz bölgesi genelinde bağların önemli bir zararlısıdır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de Diyarbakır, Mardin ve Elazığ illerindeki çeşitli lokalitelerde P. ficus’un yoğun populasyonlarına rastlanmış ve bağlarda ciddi zararlara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Zararlı ile ilişkili doğal düşmanları belirlemek amacıyla arazi sürveyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Hymenoptera takımına bağlı Encyrtidae familyasına ait sekiz parazitoit türü, bir coccinellid parazitoiti ile Aphelinidae ve Eulophidae familyalarına ait üç hiperparazitoit türü tespit edilmiştir. Hiperparazitoitlerin, P. ficus’un birincil parazitoitlerini parazitlediği gözlenmiştir. Belirlenen en yaygın parazitoit türleri Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) (%12,23), Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (%5,88) ve Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault) (%2,58) olmuştur. Ayrıca, hiperparazitoit Marietta picta (André)’nın farklı Planococcus parazitoit türleri üzerinde %15,76 oranında bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, yedi Coccinellidae, bir Chrysopidae, iki Hemerobiidae ve bir Cecidomyiidae türü olmak üzere çeşitli predatör böcek türleri de belirlenmiştir. Özellikle, Gyranusoidea hecale (Noyes & Hayat) (Encyrtidae) ve Sympherobius domesticus (Nakahara) (Hemerobiidae) türleri Türkiye’den ilk kez bu çalışma ile rapor edilmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ataş, M., Japoshvili, G., Kaydan, M. (2025). Natural enemies of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on vineyards in Diyarbakır, Mardin and Elazığ Provinces, Türkiye. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.31019/tbmd.1819993

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (58)

  1. Abbas M. S. T., 1998. Mealybugs and their natural enemies in Sultanate of Oman. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 76(2).
  2. Abu Faour M., 2002. Ecological and biological study of pear psylla on pear at southern Syria and its control. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University. (In Arabic).
  3. Akşit İ. 1981. Hititler. Türkiye’nin Tarih Hazineleri Orta Anadolu Uygarlığı, Sandoz Yayınları (2).
  4. Almatni W. & J. Elabdulla, 2003. Preliminary survey of the predators of pear psylla, Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc) (Psyllidae: Hemiptera) in Sweida, Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 21(1): 46-48. (In Arabic).
  5. Almatni W., M. Z. Mahmalji & H. Al Rouz, 2002. A preliminary study of some natural enemies of woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Sweida, Syria. Damascus University Journal for the Agricultural Sciences, 18(1): 117-129.
  6. Amala U., C. Chinniah, I. S. Sawant, N. Muthukrishnan & C. Muthiah, 2014. Survey for grapevine mealybug incidence and their natural enemies in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Biopesticides International, 10: 169-175.
  7. Anonymous, 2025. Access: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Visit date: October 2025.
  8. Anonymous, 2025. Erişim: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr Visit date: October 2025.
  9. Barbagallo S., A. Longo & I. Patti, 1982. Preliminary results of integrated control in Eastern Sicily to control the citrus mealybug and citrus whitefly in Eastern Sicily. Fruits, 36(2): 115-121.
  10. Barlett B. R., 1978. Pseudococcidae. In: C.P. Clausen (ed.), Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 480, Washington DC, pp. 137-170.
  11. Bartlett B. R. & D.C. Lloyd, 1958. Mealybugs attacking citrus in California – a survey of their natural enemies and the release of new parasites and predators. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51(1): 90-93.
  12. Blumberg D., J. C. Franco, P. Suma, A. Russo & Z. Mendel, 2001. Parasitoid encapsulation in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as affected by the host–parasitoid association and superparasitism. Bollettino Di Zoologia Agraria E Di Bachicoltura, 33: 385-395.
  13. Cadée N. & J. J. van Alphen, 1997. Host selection and sex allocation in Leptomastidea abnormis, a parasitoid of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83(3): 277-284.
  14. Compere H., 1936. Notes on the classification of the Aphelinidae with descriptions of new species. University of California Publications in Entomology, 6: 277-322.
  15. Compere H., 1939. Mealybugs and their insect enemies in South America. University of California Publications in Entomology, 7(356): 57-73.
  16. Daane K. M., R. P. Almeida, V. A. Bell, J. T. Walker, M. Botton, M. Fallahzadeh, M. Mani, J. L. Miano, R. Sforza, V. M. Walton & T. Zaviezo, 2012. Biology and management of mealybugs in vineyards. Arthropod Management in Vineyards, 271-307.
  17. Daane K. M., R. D. Malakar-Kuenen & V. M. Walton, 2004. Temperature-dependent development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus. Biological Control, 31(2): 123-132. Daane K. M., C. Vincent, R. Isaacs & C. Ioriatti, 2018. Entomological opportunities and challenges for sustainable viticulture in a global market. Annual Review of Entomology, 63(1): 193-214.
  18. Domenichini G., 1952. Morfologia, variabilità dei caratteri e speciografia dell’ Anagyrus pseudococci Gir. Bollettino di zoologia agraria e bachicoltura, 18(2-3): 117-181.
  19. Fallahzadeh M., M. Shojaei, H. Ostovan & K. Kamali, 2007. Study of the parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in Fars province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3): 593-609.
  20. Fallahzadeh M., M. Shojai, H. Ostovan & K. Kamali, 2008. Natural enemies of Planococcus ficus in Fars province vineyards, Iran. Proceedings of the 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Hamedan, p. 79.
  21. Girault A. A., 1915. New chalcidoid Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 8(3): 279-284.
  22. Gomez Clementre F., 1951. Experiments on the acclimatization of Leptomastix dactylopii a parasite of Planococcus citri. Biol. Patol. Veg. Agr., 18: 21-28.
  23. Harris K. M. & A. Harten, 2006. Records of predaceous Cecidomyiidae on mealybugs in Yemen. Fauna of Arabia, 21: 351-356.
  24. Harris K. M., 1997. Cecidomyiidae and other Diptera. In: Ben-Dov Y. & Hodgson C.J. (eds.), Soft Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, 7B, pp. 61-68.
  25. Japoshvili G., N. Dzneladze, G. Kirkitadze, B. Kiss & M.B. Kaydan, 2018. A new and dangerous pest for the Caucasus – Drosophila suzukii. Annals of Agrarian Science, 16(4): 464-465.
  26. Japoshvili G., Y. Higashiura & S. Kamitani, 2016. A review of Japanese Encyrtidae with descriptions of new species. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 56(1): 345-401.
  27. Kaydan M. B., N. Kilinçer, N. Uygun, G. Japoshvili & S. Gaimari, 2006. Parasitoids and predators of Pseudococcidae in Ankara, Türkiye. Phytoparasitica, 34: 331-337.
  28. Krishnamoorthy A. & M. Mani, 1989. Coccidoxenoides peregrinus: a new parasitoid of Planococcus citri in India. Current Science, 58: 466-466.
  29. Lotfalizadeh H., 2000. Lacewings parasitoids (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Shiraz. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 19(1-2): 31-44.
  30. Lozano B. R., M. B. Ruiz & M. Á. G. de Dios, 2018. The invasive species Zelus renardii in Spain. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 144(3): 551-558.
  31. Majerus M. E. N., 1994. Ladybirds. London: Harper Collins.
  32. Mani M., C. Shivaraju & N. S. Kulkarni, 2014. The grape entomology. Springer, 202 pp.
  33. Mansour R., L. P. Belzunces, P. Suma, L. Zappalà, G. Mazzeo, K. Grissa-Lebdi, A. Russo & A. Biondi, 2018. Vine and citrus mealybug pest control based on synthetic chemicals. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 38(4): 37.
  34. Mansour R., K. Grissa-Lebdi, M. Khemakhem, I. Chaari, I. Trabelsi, A. Sabri & S. Marti, 2017. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Planococcus ficus. Biologia, 72(3): 333-341.
  35. Mansour S. A., 1985. Laboratory toxicity of some insecticides to Nipaecoccus and Dicrodiplosis spp. Journal of Agricultural Research (Pakistan), 23(3): 193-196.
  36. Moravvej S. A., H. Lotfalizadeh & P. Shishehbor, 2018. Encyrtidae of Khuzestan. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 4(1): 13-23.
  37. Nagarkatti S., S. P. Singh, K. P. Jayanth & B. S. Bhummannavar, 1992. Introduction and establishment of L. dactylopii against Planococcus spp. in India. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 20(1): 102-104.
  38. Neuenschwander P. & W. N. O. Hammond, 1988. Natural enemy activity after release of Epidinocarsis lopezi. Environmental Entomology, 17(5): 894-902.
  39. Nikolskaya M. N. & V. A. Yasnosh, 1966. Aphelinidae of Europe and Caucasus. AS USSR.
  40. Niyazau O. P., 1967. Anagyrus pseudococci parasitoid of Planococcus citri. The Review of applied entomology, 61(4).
  41. Noyes J. S. & M. Hayat, 1984. A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 48(3): 131-395.
  42. Noyes J. S. & M. Hayat, 1994. Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, viii + 554 pp.
  43. Noyes J. S., 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. (Accessed 2012).
  44. Noyes J. S., 2017. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. Natural History Museum, London. (Accessed September 2017).
  45. Noyes J. S., 2019. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. (Accessed 22 September 2023).
  46. Pillai K. G., 2016. Glasshouse, greenhouse and polyhouse crops. In: Mealybugs and Their Management, pp. 621-628.
  47. Pinzari M., F. Cianferoni, S. Martellos & P. Dioli, 2018. Zelus renardii in Italy. Fragmenta Entomologica, 50(1): 31-35.
  48. Rosen D. & Y. Rössler, 1966. Studies on an Israel strain of Anagyrus pseudococci. Entomophaga, 11(3): 269-277.
  49. Roxanova A. A. & V. G. Loseva, 1963. The vine mealybug and its parasites. Zashchita Rastenii, 3: 53.
  50. Tanne E., Y. Ben-Dov & B. Raccah, 1989. Transmission of corky-bark disease by Planococcus ficus. Phytoparasitica, 17: 55.
  51. Trjapitzin V. A., 1989. Parasitic Hymenoptera of the fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics. Opredeleteli po Faune SSSR, Izdavavaemiye Zoologicheskim Institutom Akademii Nauk SSSR: 1-489.
  52. Uygun N., 2001. Türkiye turunçgil bahçelerinde entegre mücadele. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırma Projesi Yayını, 157 s. Viggiani G., 1975. Reintroduction de Leptomastix dactylopii. Fruits, 30(4): 259-260.
  53. Walton V. M. & K. L. Pringle, 2004. A survey of mealybugs and natural enemies in Western Cape vineyards. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 25: 23-25.
  54. Walton V. M., 2003. Development of an IPM system for Planococcus ficus in South Africa. PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University.
  55. Wood B. J., 1963. Natural enemies of citrus coccids and aphids in Cyprus. Entomophaga, 8(1): 67-82.
  56. Wood T. G., 1988. Termites and the soil environment. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 6(3): 228-236.
  57. Xu Z. & H. Lotfalizadeh, 2000. Notes on Encyrtidae from Iran with one new species. Entomotaxonomia, 22(1): 61-64.
  58. Xu Z. H., M. Tao & G. H. Chen, 2004. New records of Tetracneminae with two new species in China. Insect Science, 11(2): 143-148.