Journals / Anatolian Journal of Emergency Medicine / 2025 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Awareness and prehospital behavioural patterns of stroke witnesses in the emergency department: A scale development and cross-sectional study

Acil serviste inme tanıklarının farkındalık düzeyleri ve hastane öncesi davranış biçimleri: Bir ölçek geliştirme ve kesitsel çalışma

Betül Akbuğa Özel(ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, ACİL TIP ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-0460-6101
Hüseyin Narcı(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, ACİL TIP ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-6636-9391
Ülkü Sibel Benli(BAŞKENT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, NÖROLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-9975-3170
Pages
188–198
Publication Date
2025-12-30
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Future research should focus on understanding and reducing the gap between knowledge and action.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aim: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the 10-item Stroke Awareness Knowledge Scale (SAKS) for assessing stroke recognition among emergency department (ED) witnesses.
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Key Findings & Data:The same sample (n = 255) was used for validation and cross-sectional analyses.
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Conclusion & Impact:Future research should focus on understanding and reducing the gap between knowledge and action.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Acil servis · İnme Farkındalığı Bilgi Ölçeği · inme tanığı

Abstract

Aim: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the 10-item Stroke Awareness Knowledge Scale (SAKS) for assessing stroke recognition among emergency department (ED) witnesses. It examined associations between demographics, SAKS scores, and behavioural patterns (initial response, transport type, prehospital delay). Material and Methods: Content, face, and construct validity and internal consistency of SAKS were assessed. The same sample (n = 255) was used for validation and cross-sectional analyses. Demographics, SAKS scores, and behavioural parameters were examined. Results: SAKS showed strong Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI = 0.94), borderline-acceptable sampling adequacy (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure [KMO] = 0.71), explained 51.5% of variance, and had borderline-acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.65). Most witnesses were female, close relatives, and had ≤high school education. High scores (≥80) were observed in 63.9% of cases. While 72.2% reported calling 112 emergency medical service (EMS) at symptom onset, 39.2% arrived by ambulance to the ED, and 44.7% arrived more than 4.5 hours after symptom onset. Demographics were not associated with transport or response, except that first- or second-degree relatives had shorter delays; women and lower-educated participants scored higher, but the differences were not statistically significant. Higher scores correlated with EMS calls. The knowledge–response gap was 22.1%, and the knowledge–transport and response–transport gaps were 60.7% and 57.6%, respectively. Delays were more frequent among men, lower-educated participants, non-EMS users, and those with higher scores, though these differences were not significant. The most common delay reason was waiting for symptoms to resolve. Misbelief in 112 EMS ambulance fees persisted even among highly educated and high-scoring groups. Conclusion: SAKS is valid for ED, prehospital, or community use but requires refinement. Greater awareness improved EMS call volume, but substantial knowledge–action gaps remained. Future research should focus on understanding and reducing the gap between knowledge and action.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, acil servis (AS) tanıkları arasında inme tanıma düzeyini değerlendirmek amacıyla 10 maddelik İnme Farkındalığı Bilgi Ölçeği’nin (Stroke Awareness Knowledge Scale – SAKS) geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini incelemiş ve demografik özellikler, SAKS puanları ve prehospital davranışsal örüntüler (ilk tepki, nakil türü, hastane öncesi gecikme) arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: SAKS ölçeğinin kapsam, görünüş ve yapı geçerliliği ile iç tutarlılığı değerlendirilmiştir. Aynı örneklem (n = 255) hem doğrulama hem de kesitsel analizlerde kullanılmıştır. Demografik özellikler, SAKS puanları ve davranışsal parametreler analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: SAKS güçlü bir ölçek düzeyinde kapsam geçerliliği göstermiştir (Scale level-Content Validity Index = 0,94), örneklem yeterliliği sınırda kabul edilebilir düzeydedir (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Ölçümü [KMO] = 0,71), toplam varyansın %51,5’ini açıklamış ve iç tutarlılığı sınırda kabul edilebilir düzeydedir (α = 0.65). Katılımcıların çoğu kadın, yakın akraba ve lise ve altı eğitim düzeyine sahipti. Yüksek puanlar (≥80) %63,9 oranında gözlenmiştir. Katılımcıların %72,2’si semptom başlangıcında 112 acil sağlık hizmetlerini (ASH) aradığını belirtmiş, %39,2’si AS’e ambulansla ulaşmış, %44,7’si ise semptom başlangıcından 4,5 saatten sonra başvurmuştur. Demografik değişkenler, nakil türü veya ilk tepkiyle anlamlı ilişki göstermemiştir; yalnızca birinci/derece akrabalar daha kısa gecikme göstermiştir. Kadınların ve düşük eğitim düzeyine sahip katılımcıların daha yüksek bilgi puanına sahipti ancak bu bulgu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi. Daha yüksek puanlar, acil sağlık hizmetlerinin aranmasıyla ilişkiliydi. Bilgi–tepki açığı %22,1, bilgi–nakil ve tepki–nakil açıkları sırasıyla %60,7 ve %57,6 olarak saptanmıştır. Gecikmeler erkeklerde, düşük eğitim düzeyine sahiplerde, acil sağlık hizmeti kullanmayanlarda ve yüksek bilgi puanına sahip olanlarda, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmamakla birlikte, daha sık gözlendi. En yaygın gecikme nedeni, semptomların kendiliğinden düzeleceğine inanma idi. 112 ASH ambulansı ücretlendirmesiyle ilgili yanlış inanışlar, yüksek eğitimli ve yüksek puanlı gruplarda bile devam etmekteydi. Sonuç: SAKS, acil servis, hastane öncesi veya toplum düzeyinde kullanılmak için geçerli bir ölçektir, ancak iyileştirmeye ihtiyaç duyar. Artan farkındalık, acil ambulans çağrı oranlarını artırmıştır, ancak bilgi–eylem arasındaki boşluk önemli ölçüde devam etmektedir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, bilgi–eylem arasındaki uçurumu anlamaya ve azaltmaya odaklanmalıdır.

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Cite This Article

Özel, B. A., Narcı, H., Benli, Ü. S. (2025). Awareness and prehospital behavioural patterns of stroke witnesses in the emergency department: A scale development and cross-sectional study. Anatolian Journal of Emergency Medicine, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 188–198. https://doi.org/10.54996/anatolianjem.1817827

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