SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Determination of the Toxicity Profile of Acetamiprid Insecticide on Morpho-Physiological, Cytogenetic and Anatomical Characters in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Plant

Soğan (Allium cepa L.) Bitkisinde Asetamiprid İnsektisitinin Morfo-Fizyolojik, Sitogenetik ve Anatomik Karakterler Üzerindeki Toksisite Profilinin Belirlenmesi

Dilek Çavuşoğlu(ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ATABEY MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, BİTKİSEL VE HAYVANSAL ÜRETİM BÖLÜMÜ, BİTKİ KORUMA PR.)0000-0002-7963-8204
Kürşat Çavuşoğlu(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6457-0457
Pages
530–540
Publication Date
2026-06-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In summary, it has been concluded that acetamiprid is a multifaceted insecticide with adverse effects on all examined morpho-physiological, cytogenetic, and anatomical characteristics of the onion plant.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Acetamiprid is a widely used insecticide in protecting agricultural products due to its high insecticidal efficacy.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The present study aimed to investigate the effects of externally applied acetamiprid insecticide doses of 4, 5, and 6 g L-1 on various morpho-physiological, cytogenetic, and root anatomical characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In summary, it has been concluded that acetamiprid is a multifaceted insecticide with adverse effects on all examined morpho-physiological, cytogenetic, and anatomical characteristics of the onion plant.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Allium cepa L. · Asetamiprid · Çimlenme

Abstract

Acetamiprid is a widely used insecticide in protecting agricultural products due to its high insecticidal efficacy. This insecticide can be absorbed by roots or leaves and transported to all parts of the plant. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of externally applied acetamiprid insecticide doses of 4, 5, and 6 g L-1 on various morpho-physiological, cytogenetic, and root anatomical characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. For this purpose, onion bulbs were divided into a total of four groups, including three treatment groups and one control group. For 7 days (168 hours), bulbs in the application groups were germinated in mediums containing three different doses (4, 5, and 6 g L-1) of acetamiprid, while bulbs in the control group were germinated in tap water medium. At the end of the experiment, all acetamiprid insecticide doses studied caused a significant decrease in the examined morpho-physiological characteristics (germination percentage, root length, number of hairy roots, and fresh weight), a significant increase in chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency, and a significant decrease in the mitotic index (MI). External applications of acetamiprid at different doses promoted CAs such as bud formation in the nucleus, micronucleus, bilobed cell, giant cell, chromosome loss, hemagglutination, notched cell, bridge formation, vagrant chromosome, lagging chromosome, pole shift and pole straightening. Furthermore, this insecticide exposure caused some serious damage and changes such as indistinct vascular tissue, flattened cell nucleus, necrosis in cortex cells, thickening of cell wall, accumulation of substance in epidermis and cortex cells and deformation of epidermis cell in the root anatomical structure of onion bulbs. In summary, it has been concluded that acetamiprid is a multifaceted insecticide with adverse effects on all examined morpho-physiological, cytogenetic, and anatomical characteristics of the onion plant.

Özet

Asetamiprid, yüksek böcek öldürücü etkinliği nedeniyle tarımsal ürünleri korumada yaygın olarak kullanılan bir insektisittir. Bu insektisit kökler veya yapraklar tarafından emilerek bitkinin tüm kısımlarına taşınabilmektedir. Mevcut çalışmada, soğan (Allium cepa L.) bulblarına dışarıdan uygulanan 4, 5 ve 6 g L-1 asetamiprid insektisit dozlarının çeşitli morfo-fizyolojik, sitogenetik ve kök anatomik karakterleri üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, soğan bulbları üç uygulama ve bir kontrol olmak üzere toplam 4 gruba ayrılmıştır. 7 gün (168 saat) boyunca, uygulama gruplarındaki bulblar üç farklı dozdaki (4, 5 ve 6 g L-1) asetamiprid ortamlarında çimlendirilirken, kontrol grubundaki bulblar çeşme suyu ortamında çimlendirilmiştir. Deney sonunda, çalışılan tüm asetamiprid insektisit dozları incelenen morfo-fizyolojik karakterlerde (çimlenme yüzdesi, kök uzunluğu, saçak kök sayısı ve taze ağırlık) belirgin bir azalmaya, kromozom anormalliğinde (KA) ve mikronükleus (MN) sıklığında önemli bir artışa ve ayrıca mitotik indekste (MI) ciddi bir azalmaya neden olmuştur. Farklı dozlardaki dışsal asetamiprid uygulamaları, nükleusta tomurcuk oluşumu, mikronükleus, iki loblu hücre, dev hücre, kromozom kaybı, hemaglütinasyon, çentikli hücre, köprü oluşumu, kalgın kromozom, geri kalmış kromozom, kutup kayması ve kutup düzleşmesi gibi KA’lerini teşvik etmiştir. Dahası, bu insektisite maruziyet, soğan bulblarının kök anatomik yapısında belirgin olmayan iletim dokusu, yassılaşmış hücre çekirdeği, korteks hücrelerinde nekroz, hücre duvarı kalınlaşması, epidermis ve korteks hücrelerinde madde birikimi ve epidermis hücre deformasyonu gibi bazı ciddi hasar ve değişimlere yol açmıştır. Özetle, asetamipridin soğan bitkisinin incelenen tüm morfo-fizyolojik, sitogenetik ve anatomik karakteri üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahip çok yönlü bir insektisit olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çavuşoğlu, D., Çavuşoğlu, K. (2026). Determination of the Toxicity Profile of Acetamiprid Insecticide on Morpho-Physiological, Cytogenetic and Anatomical Characters in Onion (Allium cepa L.) Plant. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 530–540. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1804074

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (59)

  1. Aktar, W., Sengupta, D. and Chowdhury, A., 2009. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2, 1-12. https:/doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
  2. Antonsie-wiez, D., 1990. Analysis of the cell cycle in the root meristem of Allium cepa under the influence of Leda krin. Folia Histochemica and Cytobiologia, 26, 9-96.
  3. Aydın, Ç. and Mammadov, R., 2017. İnsektisit aktivite gösteren bitkisel sekonder metabolitler ve etki mekanizması. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 21, 30-37. https:/doi.org/10.12991/marupj.259878
  4. Begum, N., Qin, C., Ahanger, M.A., Raza, S., Khan, M.I., Ashraf, M., Ahmed, N. and Zhang, L., 2019. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant growth regulation: implications in abiotic stress tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1068. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01068
  5. Belete, T., 2018. Defense mechanisms of plants to insect pests: from morphological to biochemical approach. Trends in Technical and Scientific Research, 2, 555-584. Bıçakcı, U., Çavuşoğlu, K., Yapar, K., Acar, A. and Yalçın, E., 2017. Allium cepa L. kök ucu hücrelerinde diazinon toksisitesinin araştırılması. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7, 49-56.
  6. Bıyıksız, G., Kalefetoğlu Macar, T., Çavuşoğlu, K. and Yalçın, E., 2025. A study investigating the multifaceted toxicity induced by triflumuron insecticide in Allium cepa L. Scientific Reports, 15, 24839. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10777-6
  7. Chatterjee, S. and Paul, A., 2020. Evaluation of cytotoxic potantial of acetamiprid on Allium cepa L. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 11, 919-924.
  8. Çavuşoğlu, D. and Çavuşoğlu, K., 2023. Investigation of the potential role of fusicoccin, a fungal phytotoxin, in mitigating salt stress in onion roots. Scientific Reports, 13, 9801. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36917-4
  9. Çavuşoğlu, D. and Çavuşoğlu, K., 2024. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of L-canavanine, a non-protein amino acid, utilizing the Allium cepa L. root model. Cytologia, 89, 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.89.297
  10. Çavuşoğlu, K., Gür, B., Yalçın, E., Demirtaş, G. and Çiçek, F., 2014. The effect of lambda-cyhalothrin on root tip cytology, pigment contents and antioxidant defense system of Allium cepa. Cytologia, 79, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.79.95
  11. Çavuşoğlu, K., Kaya, A., Yılmaz, F. and Yalçın, E., 2012a. Effects of cypermethrin on Allium cepa. Environmental Toxicology, 27, 583-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20681
  12. Çavuşoğlu, K., Yalçın, E., Türkmen, Z., Yapar, K. and Sağır, S., 2012b. Physiological, anatomical, biochemical and cytogenetic effects of thiamethoxam treatment on Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae) L. Environmental Toxicology, 27, 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20680
  13. Dağlıoğlu, N., 2009. İnsan cilt altı yağ dokusunda organoklorlu pestisitlerin kalıntı düzeylerinin tesbiti. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana, 72.
  14. Dauer, W.T. and Worman, H.J., 2009. The nuclear envelope as a signaling node in development and disease. Developmental Cell, 17, 626-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2009.10.016
  15. Dhungana, S.K., Kim, I.D., Kwak, H.S. and Shin, D.H., 2016. Unraveling the effect of structurally different classes of insecticide on germination and early plant growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 130, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.12.002
  16. Dolatabadi, M., Naidu, H. and Ahmadzadeh, S.A., 2021. Green approach to remove acetamiprid insecticide using pistachio shell-based modified activated carbon; economical groundwater treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128226
  17. Elango, D., Siddharthan, N., Alaqeel, S.I., Subash, V., Manikandan, V., Almansour, A.I., Kayalvizhi, N. and Jayanthi P., 2023. Biodegradation of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid by earthworm gut bacteria Brucella intermedium PDB13 and its ecotoxicity. Microbiological Research, 268, 127278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127278
  18. El-Ghamery, A.A., El-Kholy, M.A. and Abou El-Yousser, M.A., 2003. Evaluation of cytological effects of Zn2+ in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L. Mutation Research, 537, 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00052-4
  19. Fenech, M., Chang, W.P., Kirsch-Volders, M., Holland, N., Bonassi, S. and Zeiger, E., 2003. HUMN (human micronucleus) project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutation Research, 534, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00249-8
  20. Fenech, M. and Crott, J.W. 2002. Micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds induced in folic acid deficient human lymphocytes-evidence for breakage-fusion-bridge cycles in the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. Mutation Research, 504, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00086-6
  21. Guo, W., Yang, Y., Zhou, X., Ming, R.Y., Hu, D.Y. and Lu, P., 2022. Insight into the toxic effects, bioconcentration and oxidative stress of acetamiprid on Rana nigromaculata tadpoles. Chemosphere, 305, 135380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135380
  22. Himtaş, D., Yalçın, E., Çavuşoğlu, K. and Acar, A., 2024. In-vivo and in-silico studies to identify toxicity mechanisms of permethrin with the toxicity-reducing role of ginger. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 9272-9287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31729-5
  23. Kalcheva, V.P., Dragoeva, A.P., Kalchev, K.N. and Enchev, D.D., 2009. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Br-containing oxaphosphole on Allium cepa L. root tip cells and mouse bone marrow cells. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 32, 389-393. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572009000200028
  24. Kamal, A., Ahmad, F. and Shafeeque, M.A., 2020. Toxicity of pesticides to plants and non-target organism: a comprehensive review. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 10, 3299-3313. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijpp.2020.1885628.1183
  25. Karagöl, S., Macar, O., Çavuşoğlu, K. and Yalçın, E., 2025. Toxicological assessment of omethoate insecticide in Allium cepa L. Scientific Reports, 15, 18663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03923-7
  26. Klaassen, C.D., 2001. Doull’s toxicology, the basic science of poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill, 763-810.
  27. Kutluer, F., Çavuşoğlu, K. and Yalçın, E., 2019. Deltametrin'in Allium cepa L.'daki fizyolojik, anatomik ve genotoksik etkilerinin araştırılması. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7, 961-972. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.457074
  28. Kwak, J.H., Seo, J.M., Kim, N.H., Arasu, M.V., Kim, S., Yoon, M.K. and Kim, S.J., 2017. Variation of quercetin glycoside derivatives in three onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24, 1387-1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.05.014
  29. Lawande, K.E., 2012. Onion. Peter, K.V. (ed.), Handbook of Herbs and Spices (Second Edition), Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 417-429.
  30. Lim, T.K., 2015. Modified stems, roots, bulbs in Springer. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (eds.), The Netherlands, 124-203.
  31. Macar, O., Kalefetoğlu Macar, T., Çavuşoğlu, K., Yalçın, E. and Yapar, K., 2023. Lycopene: an antioxidant product reducing dithane toxicity in Allium cepa L. Scientific Reports, 13, 2290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29481-4
  32. Majumder, S., Mandal, S., Majumder, B., Paul, A., Paul, T., Sahana, N. and Mondal, P., 2022. A liquid chromatographic method for determination of acetamiprid and buprofezin residues and their dissipation kinetics in paddy matrices and soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 1401-1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15784-4
  33. Marcano, L., Carruyo, I., Del Campo, A. and Montiel, X., 2004. Cytotoxicity and mode of action of maleic hydrazide in root tips of Allium cepa L. Environmental Research, 94, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00121-x
  34. Marrelli, M., Amodeo, V., Statti, G. and Conforti, F., 2019. Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Molecules, 24, 119-136. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010119
  35. Mithöfer, A. and Maffei, M.E., 2017. General mechanisms of plant defense and plant toxins. Gopalakrishnakone, P., Carlini, C.R. and Ligabue-Braun, R. (eds.), Plant Toxins, Springer, Berlin, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6464-4_21
  36. Nag, S., Dutta, R. and Pal, K.K., 2013. Chromosomal aberrations induced by acetamiprid in Allium cepa L. root meristem cells. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 3, 1-5.
  37. Öncüer, C., 2000. Tarımsal Zararlılarla Savaş Yöntem ve İlaçları. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Yayınları, 333. Özkaya, G., Çeliker A. and Koçer-Giray, B., 2013. İnsektisit zehirlenmeleri ve Türkiye’deki durumun değerlendirilmesi. Türk Hijyen Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 70, 75-102. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2013.05935
  38. Pinto, M.I., Salgado, R., Laia, C.A.T., Cooper, W.J., Sontag, G., Burrows, H.D., Branco, L., Vale, C. and Noronha, J.P., 2018. The effect of chloride ions and organic matter on the photodegradation of acetamiprid in saline waters. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 360, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.04.020
  39. Purdue, M.P., Hoppin, J.A., Blair, A., Dosemeci, M. and Alavanja, M.C., 2007. Occupational exposure to organochlorine insecticides and cancer incidence in the agricultural health study. International Journal of Cancer, 120, 642-9.
  40. Roberts, T., Hutson, D., Lee, P.W., Nicholls, P.H. and Plimmer, J.R., 1999. Metabolic pathways of agrochemicals, Part two: Insecticides and fungicide. Neonicotinoids, 1st edition, Roberts, T.R. (ed.), The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, London, UK, 111-120.
  41. Sarac, I., Bonciu, E., Butnariu, M., Petrescu, I. and Madosa, E., 2019. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and geno-toxic potential of some heavy metals by use of Allium test. Caryologia, 72, 37-43. https://doi.org/10.13128/cayologia-256
  42. Sarsar, O., Macar, O., Kalefetoğlu Macar, T., Çavuşoğlu, K., Yalçın, E. and Acar, A., 2025. Multifaceted investigation of esfenvalerate-induced toxicity on Allium cepa L. Scientific Reports, 15, 16977. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-01638-3
  43. Shannon, M.W., Borron, S.W. and Burns, M., 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisonings and Drug Overdose, 4th edition, Saunders, Elsevier, Westline.
  44. Sharma, P.C. and Gupta, P.K., 1982. Karyotypes in some pulse crops. Nucleus, 25, 181-185.
  45. Shcneiderman, M.H., Dewey, W.C. and Highfield, D.P., 1971. Inhibition of DNA synthesis on synchronized Chinese hamster cell treated in G1 with cycloheximide. Experimental Cell Research, 67, 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(71)90630-6
  46. Simon-Delso, N., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L.P., Bonmatin, J.M., Chagnon, M., Downs, C. and Goulson, D., 2015. Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3470-y
  47. Singh, D., Pal, M., Singh, R., Singh, C.K. and Chaturvedi, A.K., 2015. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Vigna species for Al stress tolerance. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 37, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11738-015-1834-7
  48. Sudhakar, R., Ninge Gowda, K.N. and Venu, G. 2001. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cell of Allium cepa. Cytologia, 66, 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.66.235
  49. Sutan, N.A., Popescu, A., Mihaescu, C., Soare, L.C. and Marinescu, M.V., 2014. Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the fungicide Ridomil in Allium cepa L. Analele Ştiintifice ale Universitătii Al. I. Cuza Iasis II a. Biologie vegetală, 60, 5-12.
  50. Taşcı, B. and Koca, I., 2019. The important compound of purple onion: quarcetin and its health effects. Journal of Samsun Health Sciences, 4, 32-37.
  51. Türkoğlu, S., 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutation Research, 626, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.07.006
  52. Tütüncü, E., Yalçın, E., Acar, A., Yapar, K. and Çavusoglu, K., 2019. Investigation of the toxic effects of a carbamate insecticide methiocarb in Allium cepa L. Cytologia, 84, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1508/Cytologia.84.113
  53. Wang, J., Ohno, H., Ide, Y., Ichinose, H., Mori, T., Kawagishi, H. and Hirai, H., 2019. Identification of the cytochrome P450 involved in the degradation of neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 371, 494-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.042
  54. Xie, G.H., Liu, G.G., Dezhi, S. and Zheng, L.Q., 2009. Kinetics of acetamiprid photolysis in solution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 82, 129-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9520-8
  55. Van’t Hof, J., 1968. The action of IAA and kinetin on the mitotic cycle of proliferative and stationary phase excised root meristem. Experimental Cell Research, 51, 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(68)90167-5
  56. Yalçın, E., Macar, O., Kalefetoğlu Macar, T., Çavuşoğlu, D. and Çavuşoğlu, K., 2021. Multi-protective role of Echinacea purpurea L. water extract in Allium cepa L. against mercury (II) chloride. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 62868-62876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15097-6
  57. Yamanel, Ş. and Çakır, Ş., 2004. Türkiye’nin bazı karasinek (Musca domestica L.) populasyonlarında organofosfatlı insektisidlerden metil paration ve diazinona karşı gelişmiş direnç. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 28, 210-214.
  58. Yasodha, D.S., Umarajan, K.M. and Malathy, S., 2019. Validation of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of acetamiprid through ames and root meristem study of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. International Journal of Life Sciences Research, 7, 26-34.
  59. Yi, H., Liu, J. and Zheng, K., 2005. Effect of sulfur dioxide hydrates on cell cycle, sister chromatid exchange, and micronuclei in barley. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62, 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.11.005