SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Acta Medica Nicomedia / 2026 / Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Telomere Lenght in Breast Cancer and Importance

Meme Kanserinde Telomer Uzunluğu ve Önemi

Ebubekir Dirican(İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)
Pages
32–41
Publication Date
2020-02-20
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

We believe that this review will shed light on future studies on telomere and breast cancer.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer that causes death among women, is a severe health problem, and each year around 1.67 million new cases are estimated worldwide.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Recent studies have shown that telomere length plays a significant role in the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:We believe that this review will shed light on future studies on telomere and breast cancer.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Meme kanseri · Telomer uzunluğu · Telomeraz

Abstract

Breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer that causes death among women, is a severe health problem, and each year around 1.67 million new cases are estimated worldwide. It is known that identification and proper definition of the factors that cause breast cancer are important for prognosis as well as diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies have shown that telomere length plays a significant role in the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer. Telomeres protect the chromosome ends against damage by telomerase activity and shorten during each cell division. However, the possible scale of its impacts on different types of cancer or a complete profile of telomere length has not been shown so far. Therefore, it is still unclear in which cancer type the telomere shortens or in which cancer type its length does not change. However, according to the data in the literature, telomere length is active, and telomerase is up-regulated in many human cancer types. In order to understand this mechanism, it is necessary to identify essential molecules/genes that affect telomere length. The information obtained from the current studies shows us that the telomere may play an active role in the cancer process. In this review, we aimed to summarize the importance of telomere length in breast cancer through current studies. We suggest that building up a cancer-specific profile of telomere length (shortening/elongation) and enzyme activity of telomerase (high/low) can be a guide for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. We believe that this review will shed light on future studies on telomere and breast cancer.

Özet

Meme kanseri kadınlar arasında kanserden ölümlerin en sık görüldüğü ve her yıl tüm dünya genelinde yaklaşık 1.67 milyon yeni vakanın beklendiği ciddi bir sağlık sorunu olarak günümüzde önem taşımaktadır. Meme kanserine yol açan faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve doğru tanımlanması tanı ve tedavinin yanı sıra prognoz açısından da önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda meme kanserinin moleküler mekanizmaları arasında telomer uzunluğunun da önemli rolleri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Telomerler telomeraz aktivitesiyle kromozom uçlarını hasara karşı korur ve her hücre bölünmesi sırasında kısalır. Fakat hangi kanser tipinde nasıl bir etkisi olduğu veya telomer uzunluğunun tam bir profili şimdiye kadar gösterilememiştir. Bu yüzden hangi kanser türünde telomerin kısaldığı veya hangi kanser türünde uzunluğunun değişmediği hala netlik kazanmamıştır. Ancak literatürdeki verilere göre birçok insan kanser türünde telomer uzunluğunun aktif olduğu ve telomerazın yukarı regülasyon (up-regüle) özellik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu mekanizmanın anlaşılabilmesi için telomer uzunluğuna etki eden önemli moleküllerin/genlerin de tanımlanması gerekmektedir. Yapılmış çalışmalardaki bilgiler bize telomerin kanserleşme sürecinde etkin rol alabileceğine dair ipuçlarını göstermektedir. Biz de bu derlemede telomer uzunluğunun meme kanserindeki önemini yapılmış çalışmalarla özetleyerek ortaya koymayı amaçladık. Telomer uzunluğu (kısalma/uzama) ve telomeraz enzim aktivitesinin (yüksek/düşük) kansere özgü profilinin ortaya konması meme kanser tanı ve tedavisinde yol gösterici olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. Telomer ve meme kanseri ile ilgili gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara bu derlemenin ışık tutacağına inanmaktayız.

🔖

Cite This Article

Dirican, E. (2020). Telomere Lenght in Breast Cancer and Importance. Acta Medica Nicomedia, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 32–41. https://ajindex.com/articles/1351558

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (97)

  1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(12):2893-2917. doi:10.1002/ijc.25516.
  2. Günes C, Rudolph KL. The role of telomeres in stem cells and cancer. Cell. 2013;152(3):390-393. doi:10.1016/ j.cell.2013.01.010
  3. Harley CB. Human ageing and telomeres. Ciba Foundation Symposium. 1997;211:129-139;144. doi:10.1002/ 9780470515433.ch9
  4. Griffith JD, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, et al. Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell. 1999;97(4): 503-514. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80760-6
  5. Bolzán AD, Bianchi MS. Telomeres, interstitial telomeric repeat sequences, and chromosomal aberrations. Mutat Res. 2006;612(3):189-214. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev. 2005.12.003
  6. Karlseder J, Smogorzewska A, de Lange T. Senescence induced by altered telomere state, not telomere loss. Science.2002;295(5564):2446-2449. doi:10.1126/ science.1069523
  7. Griffith JK, Bryant JE, Fordyce CA, et al. Reduced telomere DNA content is correlated with genomic instability and metastasis in invasive human breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1999; 54(1):59-64.
  8. Sfeir A, De Lange T. Removal of shelterin reveals the telomere end-protection problem. Science.2012;336(6081):593-597. doi:10.1126/ science.1218498.
  9. Hug N, Lingner J. Telomere length homeostasis. Chromosoma.2006;115(6):413-425. doi:10.1007/s00412-006-0067-3
  10. Shay JW, Reddel RR, Wright WE. Cancer and telomeres-an alternative to telomerase. Science. 2012;336(6087):1388-1390. doi:10.1126/science.1222394.
  11. Zinn R, Pruitt K, Eguchi S, Baylin S, Herman J. hTERT is expressed in cancer cell lines despite promoter DNA methylation by preservation of unmethylated DNA and active chromatin around the transcription start site. Cancer Res. 2007;67(1):194-201. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3396
  12. Wang J, Xie LY, Allan S, Beach D, Hannon GJ. Myc activates telomerase. Genes & Dev. 1998;12(12):1769-74. doi:10.1101/gad.12.12.1769
  13. Bell R, Rube H, Kreig A, et al. The transcription factor GABP selectively binds and activates the mutant TERT promoter in cancer. Science. 2015;348(6238):1036-1039. doi:10.1126/science.aab0015.
  14. Meeker AK, Hicks JL, Gabrielson E, et al. Telomere shortening occurs in subsets of normal breast epithelium as well as in situ and invasive carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2004;164: 925–935. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63180-X
  15. Kurabayashi R, Takubo K, Aida J, et al. Luminal and cancer cells in the breast show more rapid telomere shortening than myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts. Hum Pathol.2008;39(11):1647-1655. doi:10.1016/j.humpath. 2008.04.
  16. De Vivo I, Prescott J, Wong JY, et al. A prospective study of relative telomere length and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(4):1152-1156. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0998
  17. Pooley KA, Sandhu MS, Tyrer J, et al. Telomere length in prospective and retrospective cancer case-control studies. Cancer Res. 2010;70(8):3170-3176. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4595.
  18. Zheng YL, Loffredo CA, Shields PG, et al. Chromosome 9 arm-specific telomere length and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30(8):1380-1386. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp151.
  19. Zheng YL, Zhou X, Loffredo CA, et al. Telomere deficiencies on chromosomes 9p, 15p, 15q and Xp: potential biomarkers for breast cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(2):378-386. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq461.
  20. Yu ST, Chen L, Wang HJ, Tang XD, Fang DC, Yang SM. hTERT promotes the invasion of telomerase-negative tumor cells in vitro. Int J Oncol. 2009;35(2):329-336.
  21. Chen PC, Peng JR, Huang L, et al. Overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase promotes the motility and invasiveness of HepG2 cells in vitro. Oncol Rep. 2013;30(3):1157-1164. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2563.
  22. Barczak W, Rozwadowska N, Romaniuk A, et al. Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett. 2016;11(3):2305-2309. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2563.
  23. Bodelon C, Heaphy CM, Meeker AK, et al. Leukocyte telomere length and its association with mammographic density and proliferative diagnosis among women undergoing diagnostic image-guided breast biopsy. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:823. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1860-2.
  24. Uziel O, Yerushalmi R, Zuriano L, et al. BRCA1/2 mutations perturb telomere biology: characterization of structural and functional abnormalities in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget. 2016;7(3):2433-2454. doi:10.18632/ oncotarget.5693
  25. Wu X, Tanaka H. Aberrant reduction of telomere repetitive sequences in plasma cell-free DNA for early breast cancer detection. Oncotarget. 2015;6(30):29795-29807. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.
  26. Heaphy CM, Asch-Kendrick R, Argani P, Meeker AK, Cimino-Mathews A. Telomere length alterations unique to invasive lobular carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2015;46(8):1197-1203. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2015.-05.001
  27. Kammori M, Sugishita Y, Okamoto T, et al. Telomere shortening in breast cancer correlates with the pathological features of tumor progression. Oncol Rep. 2015;34(2):627-362. doi:10.3892/or.2015.4063
  28. Nagelkerke A, van Kuijk SJ, Martens JW, et al. Poor prognosis of constitutive γ-H2AX expressing triple-negative breast cancers is associated with telomere length. Biomark Med. 2015;9(4):383-390. doi:10.2217/bmm.15.2.
  29. Garland SN, Johnson B, Palmer C, et al. Physical activity and telomere length in early stage breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res. 2014;16(4):413. doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0413-y
  30. Levy T, Agoulnik I, Atkinson EN, et al. Telomere length in human white blood cells remains constant with age and is shorter in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(3A):1345-1349.
  31. Barwell J, Pangon L, Georgiou A, et al. Is telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes correlated with cancer susceptibility or radiosensitivity? Br J Cancer. 2007;97(12):1696-1700. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604085
  32. Gramatges MM, Telli ML, Balise R, Ford JM. Longer relative telomere length in blood from women with sporadic and familial breast cancer compared with healthy controls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(2):605-613. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.
  33. Duggan C, Risques R, Alfano C, et al. Change in peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length and mortality in breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(4):dju035. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju035
  34. Martinez-Delgado B, Gallardo M, Tanic M, Yanowsky K, et al. Short telomeres are frequent in hereditary breast tumors and are associated with high tumor grade. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;141(2):231-242. doi:10.1007/s10549-013-2696-6
  35. Rha SY, Park KH, Kim TS, et al. Changes of telomerase and telomere lengths in paired normal and cancer tissues of breast. Int J Oncol. 1999;15(4):839-845. doi:10.3892/ijo.15.4.839
  36. Radpour R, Barekati Z, Haghighi MM, et al. Correlation of telomere length shortening with promoter methylation profile of p16/Rb and p53/p21 pathways in breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2010;23(5):763-772. doi:10.3892/-ijo.15.4.839
  37. Zhou X, Meeker AK, Makambi KH, et al. Telomere length variation in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor: potential biomarker for breast cancer local recurrence. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(1):113-118. doi:10.1093/-carcin/bgr248
  38. Gertler R, Rosenberg R, Stricker D, et al. Telomere length and human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression as markers for progression and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(10):1807-1814. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.09.160
  39. Svenson U, Roos G. Telomere length as a biological marker in malignancy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1792(4):317-323. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.017
  40. Hou L, Savage SA, Blaser MJ, et al. Telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(11):3103-3109. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0347
  41. Lan Q, Cawthon R, Shen M, et al. A prospective study of telomere length measured by monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(23):7429-7433. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0845
  42. Lin Y, Uemura H, Fujinami K, Hosaka M, Harada M, Kubota Y. Telomerase activity in primary prostate cancer. J Urol. 1997;157(3):1161-1165.
  43. Beroukhim R, Mermel CH, Porter D, et al. The landscape of somatic copynumber alteration across human cancers. Nature. 2010;463(7283):899-905. doi:10.1038/ nature08822
  44. Pelosi G, Del Curto B, Trubia M, et al. 3q26 Amplification and polysomy of chromosome 3 in squamous cell lesions of the lung: a fluorescence in situ hybridization study. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(7):1995-2004. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2483
  45. Pooley KA, Tyrer J, Shah M, et al. No association between TERT-CLPTM1L single nucleotide polymorphism rs401681 and mean telomere length or cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(7):1862-1865. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0281
  46. Zhang D, Sun X, Liu J, Xie X, Cui W, Zhu Y. Homocysteine accelerates senescence of endothelial cells via DNA hypomethylation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(1):71-78. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.
  47. Lantuejoul S, Salon C, Soria JC, Brambilla E. Telomerase expression in lung preneoplasia and neoplasia. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:1835e1841. doi:10.1002/ijc.22473
  48. Wentzensen IM, Mirabello L, Pfeiffer RM, Savage SA. The association of telomere length and cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20(6):1238e1250. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0005.
  49. Lundberg AS, Randell SH, Stewart SA, et al. Immortalization and transformation of primary human airway epithelial cells by gene transfer. Oncogene. 2002; 21(29):4577e4586. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205550
  50. Choi J, Southworth LK, Sarin KY, Venteicher AS, Ma W, Chang W, Cheung P, Jun S, Artandi MK, Shah N, Kim SK, Artandi SE. TERT promotes epithelial proliferation through transcriptional control of a Myc- and Wnt-related developmental program. PLoS Genet. 2008;4(1):e10. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0040010
  51. Xie H, Wu X, Wang S, et al. Long telomeres in peripheral blood leukocytes are associated with an increased risk of soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2013;119(10):1885-1891. doi:10.1002/cncr.27984
  52. Armanios M, Blackburn EH: The telomere syndromes. Nat Rev Genet 2012, 13:693-704. Alter BP, Giri N, Savage SA, Rosenberg PS: Cancer in dyskeratosis congenita. Blood. 2009;113(10):6549-6557. doi:10.1038/nrg3246
  53. Dokal I. Dyskeratosis congenita in all its forms. Br J Haematol. 2000;110(4):768-779. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02109.x
  54. Huang FW, Hodis E, Xu MJ, Kryukov GV, Chin L, Garraway LA.Highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations in human melanoma. Science. 2013;339(6122):957-959. doi:10.1126/science.1229259.
  55. Robles-Espinoza CD, Harland M, Ramsay AJ, et al. POT1 loss-of-function variants predispose to familial melanoma. Nat Genet. 2014;46(5):478-481. doi:10.1038/ng.2947.
  56. Walsh KM, Whitehead TP, de Smith AJ, et al. Common genetic variants associated with telomere length confer risk for neuroblastoma and other childhood cancers. Carcinogenesis. 2016;37(6):576-582. doi:10.1093/ carcin/bgw037
  57. Tahara T, Shibata T, Kawamura T, et al. Telomere length shortening in gastric mucosa is a field effect associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Virchows Arch. 2016;469(1):19-24. doi:10.1007/s00428-016-1948-3.
  58. Menin C, Bojnik E, Del Bianco P, et al. Differences in telomere length between sporadic and familial cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(5):937-943. doi:10.1111/bjd.14652.
  59. Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhao L, Wu X, Gu J. Association of leukocyte telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes with endometrial cancer risk in Caucasian Americans. Carcinogenesis. 2015;36(11):1327-1332. doi:10.1093/ carcin/bgv133
  60. Wennerström EC, Risques RA, Prunkard D, et al. Leukocyte telomere length in relation to the risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med. 2016;5(9):2657-2665. doi:10.1002/ cam4.810
  61. Qian Y, Ding T, Wei L, Cao S, Yang L. Shorter telomere length of T-cells in peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:2675-2682. doi:10.2147/OTT.S98488.
  62. Shekhani MT, Barber JR, Bezerra SM, et al. High-resolution telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals intriguing anomalies in germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol. 2016;54:106-112. doi:10.1016/j.humpath. 2016.03.015
  63. Svenson U, Öberg Å, Stenling R, Palmqvist R, Roos G. Telomere length in peripheral leukocytes is associated with immune cell tumor infiltration and prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(8):10877-10882. doi:10.1007/s13277-016-4987-0
  64. Gu Y, Yu C, Miao L, et al. Telomere length, genetic variants and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in Southeast Chinese. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20675. doi:10.1038/srep20675
  65. Dos Santos P, Panero J, Palau Nagore V, Stanganelli C, Bezares RF, Slavutsky I. Telomere shortening associated with increased genomic complexity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(11):8317-8324. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3556-2
  66. Chen Y, Wu Y, Huang X, et al. Leukocyte telomere length: a novel biomarker to predict the prognosis of glioma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141(10):1739-1747. doi:10.1007/s00432-015-1938-x
  67. Pezzolo A, Pistorio A, Gambini C, et al. Intratumoral diversity of telomere length in individual neuroblastoma tumors. Oncotarget. 2015;6(10):7493-7503. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2115
  68. Kotsopoulos J, Prescott J, De Vivo I, et al. Telomere length and mortality following a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(11):2603-2606. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0885
  69. Hurwitz LM, Heaphy CM, Joshu CE, et al. Telomere length as a risk factor for hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate. 2014;74(4):359-364. doi:10.1002/pros.22755
  70. Zhang Y, Sturgis EM, Dahlstrom KR, et al. Telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes contributes to the development of HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2013;73(19):5996-6003. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0881.
  71. Anic GM, Sondak VK, Messina JL, et al. Telomere length and risk of melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37(4):434-439. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2013.02.010.
  72. Hofmann JN, Lan Q, Cawthon R, et al. A prospective study of leukocyte telomere length and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(5):997-1000. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0142.
  73. Pellatt AJ, Wolff RK, Lundgreen A, Cawthon R, Slattery ML. Genetic and lifestyle influence on telomere length and subsequent risk of colon cancer in a case control study. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. 2012;3(3):184-194.
  74. Frink RE, Peyton M, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Minna JD. Telomerase inhibitor imetelstat has preclinical activity across the spectrum of non-small cell lung cancer oncogenotypes in a telomere length dependent manner. Oncotarget. 2016;7:31639-31651. doi:10.18632/ oncotarget.9335.
  75. Brouwers B, Hatse S, Dal Lago L, et al. The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in older breast cancer patients on clinical and biological aging parameters. Oncotarget. 2016;7(21):29977-29988. doi:10.18632/oncotarget. 8796.
  76. Narita A, Kojima S. Biomarkers for predicting clinical response to immunosuppressive therapy in aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol. 2016;104(2):153-158. doi:10.1007/s12185-016-2009-z.
  77. Squassina A, Pisanu C, Congiu D, et al. Leukocyte telomere length positively correlates with duration of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(7):1241-1247. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.020
  78. Bernardes de Jesus B, Schneeberger K, Vera E, et al. The telomerase activator TA-65 elongates short telomeres and increases health span of adult/old mice without increasing cancer incidence. Aging Cell. 2011;10(4):604-621. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00700.x.
  79. Kyo S, Takakura M, Kanaya T, et al. Estrogen activates telomerase. Cancer Res. 1999;59(23):5917–5921.
  80. Bär C, Huber N, Beier F, et al. Therapeutic effect of androgen therapy in amouse model of aplastic anemia produced by short telomeres. Haematologica. 2015;100(10): 1267-1274. doi:10.3324/haematol. 2015.129239.
  81. Bär C, Povedano JM, Serrano R, et al. Telomerase gene therapy rescues telomere length, bone marrow aplasia, and survival in mice with aplastic anemia. Blood. 2016;127(14):1770-1779. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-08-667485
  82. Li J, Lei H, Xu Y, Tao ZZ. miR-512-5p suppresses tumor growth by targeting hTERT in telomerase positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135265
  83. Paviolo NS, Santiñaque FF, Castrogiovanni DC, Folle GA, Bolzán AD. The methylating agent streptozotocin induces persistent telomere dysfunction in mammalian cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2015;794:17-24. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.09.007
  84. Holohan B, Hagiopian MM, Lai TP, et al. Perifosine as a potential novel anti-telomerase therapy. Oncotarget. 2015;6(26):21816-21826. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5200
  85. Mancini J, Rousseau P, Castor KJ, Sleiman HF, Autexier C. Platinum(II) phenanthroimidazole G-quadruplex ligand induces selective telomere shortening in A549 cancer cells. Biochimie. 2016;121:287-297. doi:10.1016/ j.biochi.2015.12.015.
  86. Benitez-Buelga C, Sanchez-Barroso L, Gallardo M, et al. Impact of chemotherapy on telomere length in sporadic and familial breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;149(2):385-394. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-3246-6
  87. Yu C, Yu Y, Xu Z, et al. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting human telomerase mRNA increases the radiosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(4):2825-2830. doi:10.3892/ mmr.2014.3105.
  88. Nilsson PM. Mediterranean diet and telomere length. BMJ.2014;349:g6843. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6843
  89. Gan Y, Lu J, Yeung BZ, Cottage CT, Wientjes MG, Au JL. Pharmacodynamics of telomerase inhibition and telomere shortening by noncytotoxic suramin. AAPSJ. 2015;17(1):268-276. doi:10.1208/s12248-014-9703-7
  90. Augustine TA, Baig M, Sood A, et al. Telomere length is a novel predictive biomarker of sensitivity to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2015;112(2):313-318. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.561.
  91. Reddel RR. Alternative lengthening of telomeres, telomerase, and cancer. Cancer Letters. 2003;194(2): 155-162. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00702-4
  92. Dirican E, Velidedeoğlu M, Ilvan S, Öztürk T, Altıntas T, Bilge Aynı E, Ilvan A. Identification of PIK3CA aberrations associated withtelomere length in breast cancer. Gene Reports. 2020;(19):100597. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100597
  93. Wang Z, Zhang Z, Guo Y, et al. Shorter Telomere Length Is Associated with Increased Breast Cancer Risk in a Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Analysis. J Breast Cancer. 2018;21(4):391-398. doi:10.4048/jbc.2018.21.e52.
  94. Peker Eyüboğlu İ, Yenmiş G, Bingöl EN, et al. Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 Mutations in Women at High Hereditary Risk for Breast Cancer with Shorter Telomere Length. OMICS. 2020;24(1):5-15. doi:10.1089/omi.2019.0103.
  95. Pavanello S, Varesco L, Gismondi V, Bruzzi P, Bolognesi C. Leucocytes telomere length and breast cancer risk/ susceptibility: A case-control study. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197522.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197522.
  96. Campa D, Barrdahl M, Santoro A, et al. Mitochondrial DNA copy number variation, leukocyte telomere length, and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Breast Cancer Res. 2018;20(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13058-018-0955-5.
  97. Ennour-Idrissi K, Têtu B, Maunsell E, et al. Association of Telomere Length with Breast Cancer Prognostic Factors. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161903. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0161903.