Journals / Acta Medica Nicomedia / 2026 / Cilt: 9

INVESTIGATION OF PATHOGENIC CONTAMINATION ON TOY MATERIALS THROUGH MICROBIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION APPROACHES

OYUNCAK MALZEMELERİNDE PATOJENİK KONTAMİNASYONUN MİKROBİYOLOJİK VE YAPISAL KARAKTERİZASYON YAKLAŞIMLARIYLA İNCELENMESİ

Ghassan Issa(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, AVRUPA MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0002-0229-7632
Elif Esra Altuner(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-7663-6898
Esra Acar(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-0814-0820
Ozan Aldemir(KOCAELİ SAĞLIK VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-0199-5674
Harun Aksu(ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY-CERRAHPASA, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, VETERINARY MEDICINE PR.)0000-0001-5948-2030
Pages
1–7
Publication Date
2026-06-08
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Kindergarten toys can harbor potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and the structural characteristics of toy materials significantly influence microbial persistence.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: Toys in kindergartens are frequently exposed to environmental contaminants and hand contact, making them potential reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Identification was confirmed via Gram staining, catalase, DNase, hemolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation tests.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Kindergarten toys can harbor potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and the structural characteristics of toy materials significantly influence microbial persistence.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Mikrobiyal kontaminasyon · Oyuncak malzemeleri · Taramalı elektron mikroskobu

Abstract

Objective: Toys in kindergartens are frequently exposed to environmental contaminants and hand contact, making them potential reservoirs for pathogenic microorganisms. Children, with developing immune systems, are particularly vulnerable to infections. This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and coliform bacteria on toys and to characterize toy materials using FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Methods: Swab samples were collected from toy surfaces under aseptic conditions and transported under cold-chain conditions. Samples were homogenized in buffered peptone water and serially diluted. Coliforms were detected on VRB and BGBLB media, E. coli on TBX medium, and S. aureus on Baird-Parker Agar with Egg Yolk Tellurite. Identification was confirmed via Gram staining, catalase, DNase, hemolysis, and carbohydrate fermentation tests. FTIR assessed functional groups, XRD examined crystalline structures, and SEM observed surface morphology related to microbial adhesion. Results: Bacteriological analysis showed Staphylococcus spp. (35.33%), S. aureus (5%), E. coli (1%), and coliforms (3.66%). FTIR revealed diverse polymeric structures, XRD showed varying crystallinity, and SEM indicated heterogeneous surface roughness and irregular microstructures facilitating bacterial adhesion. Conclusion: Combining microbiological analyses with FTIR, XRD, and SEM provides a comprehensive method for assessing contamination risks. Kindergarten toys can harbor potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and the structural characteristics of toy materials significantly influence microbial persistence.

Özet

Amaç: Anaokullarında kullanılan oyuncaklar, çevresel kontaminantlara ve sık el temasıyla mikroorganizmalara maruz kalarak patojenler için potansiyel rezervuar oluşturur. Gelişmekte olan bağışıklık sistemine sahip çocuklar enfeksiyon riski altındadır. Bu çalışmada, seçilmiş anaokullarındaki oyuncaklarda Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus ve koliform bakterilerin varlığı araştırılmış ve oyuncak malzemeleri FTIR, XRD ve SEM ile karakterize edilmiştir.. Yöntem: Oyuncak yüzeylerinden sürüntü örnekleri steril koşullarda alınmış ve soğuk zincirle laboratuvara taşınmıştır. Örnekler tamponlu peptonlu suya aktarılmış ve seri dilüsyonlarla çoğaltılmıştır. Koliform bakteriler VRB ve BGBLB besiyerlerinde, E. coli TBX besiyerinde ve S. aureus Baird-Parker Agar (yumurta sarısı tellürit ilaveli) üzerinde tespit edilmiştir. Tanımlama Gram boyama, katalaz, DNaz, hemoliz ve karbonhidrat fermantasyon testleriyle doğrulanmıştır. FTIR fonksiyonel grupları, XRD kristalin yapıyı ve SEM yüzey morfolojisini değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Bakteriyolojik analizler Staphylococcus spp. (%35,33), S. aureus (%5), E. coli (%1) ve koliformlar (%3,66) oranında bulunmuştur. FTIR çeşitli polimerik yapıları gösterirken, XRD kristalinlikte farklılıklar, SEM ise bakteriyel tutunmayı kolaylaştırabilecek düzensiz yüzey mikro yapıları göstermiştir. Sonuç: Mikrobiyolojik analizlerin FTIR, XRD ve SEM ile birleştirilmesi kontaminasyon risklerinin kapsamlı değerlendirilmesini sağlar. Anaokulu oyuncakları potansiyel patojenler barındırabilir ve malzeme yapısal özellikleri mikrobiyal kalıcılığı etkiler.

🔖

Cite This Article

Issa, G., Altuner, E. E., Acar, E., Aldemir, O., Aksu, H. (2026). INVESTIGATION OF PATHOGENIC CONTAMINATION ON TOY MATERIALS THROUGH MICROBIOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION APPROACHES. Acta Medica Nicomedia, Cilt: 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1846465

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (15)

  1. World Health Organization. Preventing diseases through healthy environments. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. p.106.
  2. Martínez Bastidas T, Castro-del Campo N, Mena KD, León-Félix J, CP Gerba, et al. Detection of pathogenic micro-organisms on children's hands and toys during play. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;116:1668-1675. doi:10.1111/jam.12473.
  3. Avila-Aguero ML, German G, Paris MM, Herrera JF; Safe Toys Study Group. Toys in a pediatric hospital: are they a bacterial source? Am J Infect Control. 2004;32(5):287-290. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2003.10.018.
  4. Ledwaba SE, Becker P, Traore-Hoffman A, Potgieter N. Bacterial contamination of children’s toys in rural day care centres and households in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16):2900. doi:10.3390/ijerph16162900.
  5. Koçak Y, Aygun A, Altuner EE, Ozdemir S, Gonca S, Berikten D, et al. Eco-friendly production of platinum nanoparticles: physicochemical properties, evaluation of biological and catalytic activities. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2024;21(1):51-62.
  6. Aksay O, Kucukoglu S. Improving toy hygiene in pediatric hospital settings through maternal education: a randomized controlled study. Am J Infect Control. 2025. In press.
  7. Olstadt J, Schauer JJ, Standridge J, Kluender S. A comparison of ten USEPA approved total coliform/E. coli tests. J Water Health. 2007;5(2):267-282.
  8. Coico R. Gram staining. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2006;1:A.3C.1-A.3C.2.
  9. Pimenta FP, Souza MC, Pereira GA, Hirata R Jr, Camello TC, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. DNase test as a novel approach for the routine screening of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008;46(3):307-311. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02310.x.
  10. Howell NK, Arteaga G, Nakai S, Li-Chan ECY. Raman spectral analysis in the C–H stretching region of proteins and amino acids for investigation of hydrophobic interactions. J Agric Food Chem. 1999;47(3):924-933.
  11. Fumoto E, Sato S, Takanohashi T. Determination of carbonyl functional groups in heavy oil using infrared spectroscopy. Energy Fuels. 2020;34(5):5231-5235.
  12. Mattioda AL, Hudgins DM, Bauschlicher CW, Rosi M, Allamandola LJ. Infrared spectroscopy of matrix-isolated polycyclic aromatic compounds and their ions. VI. Polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles. J Phys Chem A. 2003;107(10):1486-1498.
  13. Aleksejeva V, Dovbenko A, Kroiča J, Skadiņš I. Toys in the playrooms of children’s hospitals: a potential source of nosocomial bacterial infections? Children (Basel). 2021;8(10):914.
  14. Merriman E, Corwin P, Ikram R. Toys are a potential source of cross-infection in general practitioners’ waiting rooms. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52(475):138-140.
  15. Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(9):623-633. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2415.