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Journals / Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Comparative analysis of extraction techniques and biological activities of the root of Tribulus terrestris L. grown in Northern Iraq

Türkiye ve Kuzey Irak'ın bazı bölgelerinde yetişen Tribulus terrestris L.'nin biyolojik aktivitelerinin araştırılması

Shno Abdalqadir Sofi(3Department of Medical Laboratory Technic, Koya Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Iraq)0009-0001-5596-3141
Ali Göçeri(ŞIRNAK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İDİL MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, VETERİNERLİK BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-1218-6696
Maaroof Abdalrahman Rasul(Department of Nursing, Koya Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Iraq)0009-0003-9241-957X
Eyyüp Karaoğul(Harran üniversitesi)0000-0001-8162-6838
Mehmet Hakkı Alma(IĞDIR ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6323-7230
Ekrem Kireçci(KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-9446-8584
Mustafa Abdullah Yılmaz(DICLE UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF MEDICINE)0000-0002-4090-7227
Pages
383–395
Publication Date
2025-09-24
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Furthermore, the results demonstrated that hesperidin (10.79 µg/g), and quercetin (0.16 µg/g) had the highest and lowest quantities of flavonoids, respectively.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Tribulus terrestris root extracts were used in this study to find the yield percentage, total condensed tannins concentration, anti-microbial and antioxidant activities, as well as to identify and quantify phenolics components.
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Key Findings & Data:A variety of extraction techniques such as microwave extraction (ME), convection extraction (CE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were employed, with methanol, ethanol and water used as solvents.
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Conclusion & Impact:Furthermore, the results demonstrated that hesperidin (10.79 µg/g), and quercetin (0.16 µg/g) had the highest and lowest quantities of flavonoids, respectively.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Tribulus terrestris · LC-MS/MS · Antimikrobiyal aktivite

Abstract

Tribulus terrestris root extracts were used in this study to find the yield percentage, total condensed tannins concentration, anti-microbial and antioxidant activities, as well as to identify and quantify phenolics components. A variety of extraction techniques such as microwave extraction (ME), convection extraction (CE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were employed, with methanol, ethanol and water used as solvents. The total condensed tannin concentration and antioxidant capacity were evaluated using UV-visible spectroscopy at 580 nm and 517 nm, respectively. Antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion method. The LC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantify phenolic compounds. The ASE technique yielded the highest extraction efficiency (12.06%) when using methanol, while the conventional extraction technique yielded the lowest extraction efficiency (6.60%). The average total condensed tannin concentration in the TT root, measured by triplicate, was 10.83 mg/L. The methanol extract obtained using the ME technique exhibited the largest inhibitory zone (19.33 mm) against Micrococcus luteus LA2971. The ASE technique produced the highest radical scavenging activity (DPPH) with the methanol extract, while the CE technique showed the lowest DPPH scavenging activity in the ethanol extract. The ethanol extract had a greater capacity to scavenge DPPH than BHT. The highest and the lowest amounts of phenolic compounds were identified by using LC-MS/MS as Vanillin (125 µg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1.46 µg/g), respectively. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that hesperidin (10.79 µg/g), and quercetin (0.16 µg/g) had the highest and lowest quantities of flavonoids, respectively.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, Tribulus terrestris kök ekstraktları verim yüzdesini, toplam yoğunlaştırılmış tanen konsantrasyonunu, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan aktivitelerini bulmak ve ayrıca fenolik bileşenlerinin tanımlanması ve miktarlarının belirlenmesi için kullanılmıştır. Metanol, etanol ve suyun çözücü olarak kullanıldığı mikrodalga ekstraksiyonu (ME), konveksiyon ekstraksiyonu (CE) ve hızlandırılmış çözücü ekstraksiyonu (ASE) gibi çeşitli ekstraksiyon teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Toplam yoğunlaştırılmış tanen konsantrasyonu ve antioksidan kapasitesi, 580 nm ve 517 nm 'de UV-görünür spektroskopisi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal aktiviteyi belirlemek için disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Fenolik bileşikleri tanımlamak ve miktarlarını belirlemek için LC-MS/MS kullanılmıştır. ASE tekniği, metanol kullanıldığında en yüksek ekstraksiyon verimliliğini (% 12.06) verirken, geleneksel ekstraksiyon tekniği en düşük ekstraksiyon verimliliğini (%6.60) sağlamıştır. TT kökündeki toplam yoğunlaştırılmış tanen konsantrasyonunun üçlü olarak ölçülmesiyle ortalama değeri 10.83 mg/L olarak bulunmuştur. ME tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen metanol özütü Micrococcus luteus LA2971'e karşı en büyük inhibitör zonu (19.33 mm) gösterdi. ASE tekniği metanol özütü ile en yüksek radikal temizleme aktivitesini (DPPH) üretirken, CE tekniği etanol özütünde en düşük DPPH temizleme aktivitesini gösterdi. Etanol özütü BHT'den daha fazla DPPH temizleme kapasitesine sahiptir. En yüksek ve en düşük fenolik bileşik miktarları LC-MS/MS kullanılarak sırasıyla Vanilin (125 µg/g) ve klorojenik asit (1.46 µg/g) olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca, sonuçlar hesperidin'in (10.79 µg/g) ve kuersetinin (0.16 µg/g) sırasıyla en yüksek ve en düşük flavonoid miktarlarına sahip olduğunu gösterdi.

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Cite This Article

Sofi, S. A., Göçeri, A., Rasul, M. A., Karaoğul, E., Alma, M. H., Kireçci, E., Yılmaz, M. A. (2025). Comparative analysis of extraction techniques and biological activities of the root of Tribulus terrestris L. grown in Northern Iraq. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 383–395. https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.1657116

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