SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterization of MA₂CuCl₄ Perovskite Material

MA₂CuCl₄ Perovskit Malzemenin Sentezlenmesi, Yapısal ve Optik Karakterizasyonu

Gökhan Bayraktar(ISPARTA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SENİRKENT MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0002-6466-2316
Durmuş Ali Aldemir(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4819-840X
Havva Elif Lapa(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5706-4641
Esra Şen(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4416-3437
Pages
206–213
Publication Date
2026-04-24
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The optical bandgap values determined from the Tauc plots of the powder sample and the thin film deposited on FTO/TiO₂ were 2.38 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, the synthesis of MA₂CuCl₄, a lead-free and environmentally friendly perovskite material, was carried out and its optoelectronic properties were examined.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The structural properties of the synthesized material were revealed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and the crystallite size was calculated as 65 nm using the Scherrer equation.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The optical bandgap values determined from the Tauc plots of the powder sample and the thin film deposited on FTO/TiO₂ were 2.38 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Kurşunsuz perovskitler · MA2CuCl4 · İnce film

Abstract

In this study, the synthesis of MA₂CuCl₄, a lead-free and environmentally friendly perovskite material, was carried out and its optoelectronic properties were examined. Yellow MA₂CuCl₄ crystals were obtained by dissolving MACl and anhydrous CuCl₂ in ethanol. The structural properties of the synthesized material were revealed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, and the crystallite size was calculated as 65 nm using the Scherrer equation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the powder sample yielded a Cl/Cu ratio of 3.6. The optical bandgap values determined from the Tauc plots of the powder sample and the thin film deposited on FTO/TiO₂ were 2.38 eV and 2.67 eV, respectively.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, kurşun içermeyen ve çevre dostu bir perovskit malzeme olan MA₂CuCl₄’ün sentezi gerçekleştirilmiş ve optoelektronik özellikleri incelenmiştir. MACl ve susuz CuCl₂’nin etanol içinde çözdürülmesi ile sarı renkte MA₂CuCl₄ kristalleri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen malzemenin X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ölçümleriyle yapısal özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Scherrer denklemi yardımıyla kristal boyutu 65 nm olarak hesaplanmıştır. Toz numunenin EDS analizi sonucunda Cl/Cu oranı 3.6 bulunmuştur. Toz numenin ve FTO/TiO2 üzerine biriktirilmiş ince filmin Tauc eğrilerinden optik bant aralığı değerleri sırasıyla 2.38 eV ve 2.67 eV olarak belirlenmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bayraktar, G., Aldemir, D. A., Lapa, H. E., Şen, E. (2026). Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterization of MA₂CuCl₄ Perovskite Material. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufenbed.1830342

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (30)

  1. NREL. 2025. Best research-cell efficiency chart. NREL Website (accessed July 04, 2025).
  2. Bishop, J. E., Read, C. D., Smith, J. A., Routledge, T. J., Lidzey, D. G. 2020. Fully spray-coated triple-cation perovskite solar cells. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–8.
  3. Namkoong, G., Mamun, A. A., Ava, T. T., Zhang, K., Baumgart, H. 2017. Impact of perovskite precursor solution temperature on charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of perovskite based solar cells. Organic Electronics, 42, 228–233.
  4. Pitaro, M., Tekelenburg, E. K., Shao, S., Loi, M. A. 2022. Tin halide perovskites: from fundamental properties to solar cells. Advanced Materials, 34(1), 2105844.
  5. Kaleli, M., Şen, E., Lapa, H. E., Aldemir, D. A. 2022. The production route of the MASnBr3 based perovskite solar cells with fully ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 645, 414293.
  6. Lanzetta, L., Webb, T., Zibouche, N., Liang, X., Ding, D., Min, G., Westbrook, R. J. E., Gaggio, B., Macdonald, T. J., Islam, M. S., Haque, S. A. 2021. Degradation mechanism of hybrid tin-based perovskite solar cells and the critical role of tin (IV) iodide. Nature Communications, 12, 1–11.
  7. Debnath, T., Kim, E., Lee, K., Nath, N. C. D. 2020. Halide perovskite solar cells with biocompatibility. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 1, 2000028.
  8. Cortecchia, D., Dewi, H. A., Yin, J., Bruno, A., Chen, S., Baikie, T., Boix, P. P., Grätzel, M., Mhaisalkar, S., Soci, C., Mathews, N. 2016. Lead-free MA2CuClxBr4–x hybrid perovskites. Inorganic Chemistry, 55, 1044–1052.
  9. Shi, Z., Guo, J., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Pan, Y., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Huang, W. 2017. Lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for photovoltaic applications: recent advances and perspectives. Advanced Materials, 29.
  10. Miyasaka, T., Kulkarni, A., Kim, G. M., Öz, S., Jena, A. K. 2020. Perovskite solar cells: can we go organic-free, lead-free, and dopant-free? Advanced Energy Materials, 10.
  11. Baltakesmez, A., Alptekin, S. 2025. Thermochromic 2D (n-BA)2NiIxCl4−x perovskite interlayer-integrated self-powered and reverse-biased Si-photodiode. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 396, 117175.
  12. Elseman, A. M., Shalan, A. E., Sajid, S., Rashad, M. M., Hassan, A. M., Li, M. 2018. Copper-substituted lead perovskite materials constructed with different halides for working (CH3NH3)2CuX4-based perovskite solar cells from experimental and theoretical view. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10, 11699–11707.
  13. Gassara, M., Hemasiri, N. H., Kazim, S., Costantino, F., Naïli, H., Ahmad, S. 2023. Uncovering the role of electronic doping in lead-free perovskite (CH3NH3)2CuCl4−xBrx and solar cells fabrication. ChemSusChem, 16, e202202313.
  14. Huang, S., Tang, G., Huang, H., Wu, X. G., Zhou, P., Zou, L., Xie, L., Deng, J., Wang, X., Zhong, H., Hong, J. 2018. Enhanced piezo-response in copper halide perovskites based PVDF composite films. Science Bulletin, 63, 1254–1259.
  15. Li, J., Liu, X., Cui, P., Li, J., Ye, T., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. S. 2019. Lead-free thermochromic perovskites with tunable transition temperatures for smart window applications. Science China Chemistry, 62, 1257–1262.
  16. Ma, Y., Zhai, K., Yan, L., Chai, Y., Shang, D., Sun, Y. 2018. Magnetocaloric effect in the layered organic–inorganic hybrid (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Chinese Physics B, 27, 027501.
  17. Arend, H., Schoenes, J., Wachter, P. 1975. Magneto-optical investigations of the two-dimensional ferromagnet (CH3NH3)2CuCl4. Physica Status Solidi, 69, 105–112.
  18. Soracá-Pérez, G. Y., Gómez-Reyes, D. K., Gómez-Cuaspud, J. A., Vera-López, E., Pineda-Triana, Y. 2019. Synthesis and characterization of a hybrid perovskite to be applied as an absorbent layer in solar cell. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1386, 012068.
  19. Fujishima, A., Rao, T. N., Tryk, D. A. 2000. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 1, 1–21.,
  20. Kentsch, R., Scholz, M., Oum, K., Lenzer, T. 2023. Ultrafast carrier dynamics of the copper(II)-based perovskite-inspired materials A2CuCl4−xBrx. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127, 22222–22233.
  21. Altomare, A., Cuocci, C., Giacovazzo, C., Moliterni, A., Rizzi, R., Corriero, N., Falcicchio, A. 2013. EXPO2013: a kit of tools for phasing crystal structures from powder data. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 46, 1231–1235.
  22. Scherrer, P. 1918. Scherrer equation. Göttinger Nachrichten Math. Phys., 2, 98–100.
  23. Ranjith, R., Das, D., Gouda, G. M., Munirathnam, K., Ghfar, A. A., Shim, J., Nagajyothi, P. C., Naresh Kumar, S. 2024. Enhancing hole-transport efficiency in (CH3NH3)2CuClxBr4−x perovskite solar cells through functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Optical Materials, 157, 116379.
  24. Mydhili, B., Albert, A., Sreekala, C. O. 2023. Mixed organic halide perovskite energy harvester for solar cells. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2426, 012044.
  25. Madhusudan Reddy, K., Manorama, S. V., Ramachandra Reddy, A. 2003. Bandgap studies on anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78, 239–245.
  26. Barnasas, A., Garoufalis, C. S., Anyfantis, D. I., Poulopoulos, P., Baskoutas, S. 2022. On the quantum confinement effects in ultrathin PdO films by experiment and theory. Materials, 15, 8700.
  27. Ahmed, M. T., Islam, S., Ahmed, F. 2022. Synthesis of (CH3NH3)2CuCl4 nanoparticles by antisolvent engineering. Journal of Crystal Growth, 587, 126637.
  28. Elsayed, M. R. A., Elseman, A. M., Abdelmageed, A. A., Hashem, H. M., Hassen, A. 2023. Synthesis and numerical simulation of formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells: a predictable device performance at NIS-Egypt. Scientific Reports, 13, 10115.
  29. Huang, Y. Q., Su, J., Li, Q. F., Wang, D., Xu, L. H., Bai, Y. 2019. Structure, optical and electrical properties of CH3NH3SnI3 single crystal. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 563, 107–112.
  30. Gazulla, M. F., Rodrigo, M., Blasco, E., Orduña, M. 2013. Nitrogen determination by SEM-EDS and elemental analysis. X-Ray Spectrometry, 42, 394–401.