Journals / SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

The Correlation between Leisure Involvement and Psychological Well-Being Among Recreational Football Participants

REKREASYONEL FUTBOL KATILIMCILARINDA SERBEST ZAMAN İLGİLENİMİ VE PSİKOLOJİK İYİ OLUŞ İLİŞKİSİ: ÖZ-BELİRLEME VE GENİŞLET VE İNŞA ET KURAMLARI BAĞLAMINDA BİR İNCELEME

Elvan Deniz Yumuk(ALANYA ALAADDIN KEYKUBAT UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE)0000-0002-8531-9509
Onur Ceyhan(ALANYA ALAADDİN KEYKUBAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0009-0006-7397-8941
Pages
172–185
Publication Date
2026-03-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results indicated that gender, employment status, frequency of football participation, and difficulties in leisure time evaluation significantly affected both leisure involvement and psychological well-being.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to examine the relationship between leisure involvement and psychological well-being among recreational football participants.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The sample consisted of 199 volunteers, including 24 females and 175 males, with a mean age of 24,69 ± 6,83 years in the current study which has correlational survey model.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Results indicated that gender, employment status, frequency of football participation, and difficulties in leisure time evaluation significantly affected both leisure involvement and psychological well-being.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:serbest zaman ilgilenimi · psikolojik iyi oluş · rekreasyonel futbol

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between leisure involvement and psychological well-being among recreational football participants. The sample consisted of 199 volunteers, including 24 females and 175 males, with a mean age of 24,69 ± 6,83 years in the current study which has correlational survey model. Participants completed the Leisure Involvement Scale and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MANOVA) analyses of variance, correlation, and multiple regression analyses. Results indicated that gender, employment status, frequency of football participation, and difficulties in leisure time evaluation significantly affected both leisure involvement and psychological well-being. Male participants, unemployed individuals, and regular recreational football participants scored higher on these measures. A positive and significant relationship was found between leisure involvement and psychological well-being (r = 0,34, p < 0,001); , with leisure involvement explaining approximately 12% of the variance in psychological well-being. Among the subscales, only “attractiveness” significantly predicted psychological well-being. The findings suggest that regular participation in recreational football positively influences individuals' psychological well-being and highlight the important role of leisure involvement subscales such as social relationships, self-expression, and activity attractiveness in psychosocial well-being. This study contributes valuable evidence to the positive impact of sports and recreational activities on individuals' quality of life.

Özet

Bu çalışma, rekreasyonel futbol katılımcılarında serbest zaman ilgilenimi ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İlişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı araştırma kapsamında, yaş ortalaması 24,69 ± 6,83 olan 24 kadın ve 175 erkek olmak üzere toplam 199 gönüllü katılımcıya “Serbest Zaman İlgilenim Ölçeği” ve “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, tek değişkenli (ANOVA) ve çok değişkenli (MANOVA) varyans analizleri, korelasyon ve çoklu regresyon analizleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, cinsiyet, çalışma durumu, futbol etkinliğine katılım sıklığı ve serbest zaman değerlendirmede güçlük çekme değişkenlerinin hem serbest zaman ilgilenimi hem de psikolojik iyi oluş üzerinde anlamlı farklılıklar göstermiştir. Erkek katılımcılar, çalışmayanlar ve futbol etkinliğine düzenli katılan bireylerin daha yüksek puanlar almıştır. Serbest zaman ilgilenimi ile psikolojik iyi oluş arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuş (r = 0,34, p < 0,001); serbest zaman ilgilenimi psikolojik iyi oluş varyansının yaklaşık %12’sini açıklamıştır. Alt boyutlar arasında yalnızca “çekicilik” psikolojik iyi oluşu anlamlı biçimde açıklamıştır. Sonuçlar, rekreasyonel futbol etkinliklerine düzenli katılımın psikolojik iyi oluşunu olumlu yönde etkilediğini ve serbest zaman ilgileniminin sosyal ilişkiler kurma, kendini ifade etme ve etkinliğin çekiciliği gibi boyutlarının psikososyal iyilik halindeki rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, sporun ve rekreasyonel aktivitelerin bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki olumlu etkilerine önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yumuk, E. D., Ceyhan, O. (2026). The Correlation between Leisure Involvement and Psychological Well-Being Among Recreational Football Participants. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 172–185. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1772877

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (41)

  1. Akar, G., Clifton, K. J., & Doherty, S. T. (2012). Redefining activity types: who participates in which leisure activity? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46(7), 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.05.007.
  2. Allan, J. F., Doran, A., Jones, R., & Farrell, S. (2024). Building resilience and well-being for post-COVID adolescents through outdoor adventure. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. 25(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2024.2312920.
  3. Bäckström, K. (2011). Shopping as leisure: An exploration of manifoldness and dynamics in consumers shopping experiences. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(3), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.09.009.
  4. Biddle, S. J. H., & Mutrie, N. (2008). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  5. Brajša-Žganec, A., Merkaš, M., & Šverko, I. (2011). Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 102(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9724-2. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01.
  6. Defeyter, M. A., Stretesky, P. B., Long, M. A., Furey, S., Reynolds, C., Porteous, D., & Gonçalves, L. (2021). Mental well-being in UK higher education during covid-19: do students trust universities and the government? Frontiers in public health, 9, 646916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.646916.
  7. Demirel, M., Er, Y., Çuhadar, A., & Aksu, H. S. (2023). An evaluation of leisure involvement and social connectedness from the perspective of undergraduate students. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1140359.
  8. Diener, E., Napa Scollon, C., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener, 67-100.
  9. Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10. 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-135.
  10. Elsden, E., Bu, F., Fancourt, D., & Mak, H. W. (2022). Frequency of leisure activity engagement and health functioning over a 4-year period: a population-based study amongst middle-aged adults. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1275. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13670-3 Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
  11. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  12. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218.
  13. Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24(4), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010796329158. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2020). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (16th ed.). Routledge.
  14. Güngörmüş, H. A., Yıldız, Y., Aytemur, H., Çakır, V. O., & Yumuk, E. D. (2024). Anyone with a charger? Correlation of nomophobia, leisure boredom and quality of life in youth at university. International Journal of Religion, 5(6), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.61707/3ngsrf23.
  15. Gürbüz, B., Çimen, Z., & Aydın, İ. (2018). Serbest zaman ilgilenim ölçeği: Türkçe formu geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 256-265. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.480235.
  16. Gürkan, R. K., Kara, F. M., & Turan, M. (2024). Beyond leisure involvement: Understanding pathways to women’s psychological well-being through the multi-mediating effect of leisure facilitators. International Journal of Sciences and Research. 80(12/1), https://doi.org/10.21506/j.ponte.2024.12.3. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  17. Hung, H., & Lee, C. W. (2013). Relationship between ethnic backgrounds, family socioeconomic status, leisure participation, and psychological well-being. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 117(2), 367-375. https://doi.org/10.2466/06.PMS.117x2
  18. Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1980). The social psychology of leisure and recreation. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers.
  19. Kara, F. M., & Sarol, H. (2021). Level up the Life!! Leisure involvement, basic psychological need satisfaction and life satisfaction among university students. Higher Education Studies, 11(4), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p91.
  20. Işık, U., Karakullukçu, Ö. F., & Güngörmüş, H. A. (2020). Bilinçli Farkındalığın Psikolojik İyi Oluş Üzerindeki Etkisi Boş Zamanda Can Sıkıntısının Aracılık Rolü. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(SI1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.33468/sbsebd.134
  21. Kavasoğlu, İ., & Koca, C. (2022). Gendered body of Turkish bikini fitness athletes on Instagram. Communication & Sport, 10(4), 685–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520961370.
  22. Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197.
  23. Kyle, G., Absher, J., Norman, W., Hammitt, W., & Jodice, L. (2007). A modified involvement scale. Leisure Studies, 26(4), 399–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360600896668.
  24. Leversen, I., Danielsen, A. G., Birkeland, M. S., & Samdal, O. (2012). Basic psychological need satisfaction in leisure activities and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1588–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9776-5.
  25. Liu, M., Liu, H., Qin, Z., Tao, Y., Ye, W., & Liu, R. (2024). Effects of physical activity on depression, anxiety, and stress in college students: The chain-based mediating role of psychological resilience and coping styles. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1396795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1396795.
  26. Lloyd, K., & Little, D. E. (2010). Self-determination theory as a framework for understanding women’s psychological well-being outcomes from leisure-time physical activity. Leisure Sciences, 32(4), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2010.488603.
  27. Lucas, R. E., Clark, A. E., Georgellis, Y., & Diener, E. (2004). Unemployment alters the set-point for life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 15(1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01501002.x. Matte, J., Fachinelli, A. C., Toni, D. D., Milan, G. S., & Olea, P. M. (2024). Relationship between leisure involvement, voluntary simplicity, leisure satisfaction, and experiential consumption. Leisure Sciences, 46(4), 512–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.2001703.
  28. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
  29. Rocha, C. M., & Gratao, O. A. (2018). The process toward commitment to running—the role of different motives, involvement, and coaching. Sport Management Review, 21(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.003.
  30. Ng, T. K., Beck, T., Dennis, K. R., Desai, P., Krueger, K., Dhana, K.,. & Rajan, K. B. (2025). Social isolation, loneliness, and their joint effects on cognitive decline and incident Alzheimer's disease: Findings from the Chicago health and aging project. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 12(3), 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjpad.2024.100046
  31. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
  32. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
  33. Satılmış, S. E., Cengız, R., & Güngörmüş, H. A. (2023). The relationship between university students' perception of boredom in leisure time and internet addiction during social isolation process. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 24(2), 164-173. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1137559.
  34. Shaw, S. M., & Dawson, D. (2001). Purposive leisure: Examining parental discourses on family activities. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400152809098
  35. Tao, H., Zhou, Q., Tian, D., & Zhu, L. (2022). The effect of leisure involvement on place attachment: Flow experience as mediating role. Land, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020151.
  36. Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi dergisi, 28(28-3), 374-384.
  37. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4.
  38. Wu, Y., Sun, J., Fan, F., Wang, X., & Peng, Y. (2021). The influence of motivation, attitudes and obstacles for middle school students’ participation in leisure activities on their leisure satisfaction in Southwest China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 758858. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758858.
  39. Zhang, Y., Deng, S., Chen, S., Yao, Z., Hou, Y., Huang, Q., & Liu, Z. (2024). The effect of construction workers’ work resilience on their leisure sports participation: The mediating role of safety and health awareness. Buildings, 14(9), 2763. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092763.
  40. Zhou, L., Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2024). Social support, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being among Chinese college students: The mediating role of physical activity. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1383367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1383367.
  41. Ng, T. K., Beck, T., Dennis, K. R., Desai, P., Krueger, K., Dhana, K.,. & Rajan, K. B. (2025). Social isolation, loneliness, and their joint effects on cognitive decline and incident Alzheimer's disease: Findings from the Chicago health and aging project. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 12(3), 100046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjpad.2024.100046