Journals / SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3

The Combined Effects of Lower Extremity Asymmetries on Motor Performance and Balance in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Elit Genç Futbolcularda Alt Ekstremite Asimetrilerinin Motor Performans ve Denge Üzerindeki Birleşik Etkisi

Halil İbrahim Çakır(RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5560-3576
Recep Fatih Kayhan(MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1022-2892
Esranur Terzi(RECEP TAYYİP ERDOĞAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1112-9307
Harun Koç(KÜTAHYA DUMLUPINAR ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3853-3534
Pages
821–836
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, the effects of lower-extremity asymmetries on motor performance in elite youth soccer players demonstrate a task-specific pattern.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to investigate the task-specific effects of lower-extremity strength and joint range of motion (ROM) asymmetries on balance and power performance in elite youth soccer players.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A cross-sectional analytical design was used. 46 male academy players from a professional soccer team competing in the Turkish Super League voluntarily participated in the study.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, the effects of lower-extremity asymmetries on motor performance in elite youth soccer players demonstrate a task-specific pattern.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:sıçrama performansı · Hareket Açıklığı · Kas Kuvveti Asimetrisi

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the task-specific effects of lower-extremity strength and joint range of motion (ROM) asymmetries on balance and power performance in elite youth soccer players. A cross-sectional analytical design was used. 46 male academy players from a professional soccer team competing in the Turkish Super League voluntarily participated in the study. Ankle, quadriceps, and hamstring muscle strength were assessed using a handheld dynamometer, while ROM measurements of the ankle, knee, and hip joints were performed using a goniometer. Balance was assessed using the Togu Challenge Disc, while vertical and horizontal jump performances were measured using a Jump Mat and the standing long jump test, respectively. Asymmetry indices were calculated, and their associations with performance were examined using multiple linear regression. The findings showed that ROM and strength asymmetry indices were significantly associated with balance and vertical jump performance (p<0.05). The ROM asymmetry index model explained 35.7% and 33.3% of the variance in dominant- and non-dominant-leg balance performance, respectively. The strength asymmetry index model was significant only for dominant-leg balance performance and explained 23.2% of the variance. For vertical jump performance, the ROM asymmetry index models explained 25.5% of the variance for the bilateral condition, 29% for the dominant leg, and 37% for the non-dominant leg. For the same performance measure, the strength asymmetry index models explained 22.6–26.2% of the variance, and all models were significant (p<0.05). For horizontal jump performance, the ROM asymmetry index models were not significant (p>0.05), whereas the strength asymmetry index models explained 28.7%, 31.2%, and 31.2% of the variance for the bilateral condition, dominant leg, and non-dominant leg, respectively, and were significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, the effects of lower-extremity asymmetries on motor performance in elite youth soccer players demonstrate a task-specific pattern. In particular, strength asymmetries in the plantar flexor and quadriceps muscle groups emerged as important variables limiting balance and jumping performance, whereas some ROM asymmetries may be associated with performance strategies under certain conditions. These findings highlight the importance of improving lower-extremity muscle strength symmetry for performance optimization and injury risk reduction.

Özet

Bu çalışma, elit genç futbolcularda alt ekstremite kuvvet ve eklem hareket açıklığı (ROM) asimetrilerinin denge ve güç performansı üzerindeki görev-spesifik etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Kesitsel analitik bir tasarım kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya Türkiye Süper Ligi’nde yer alan profesyonel bir futbol takımının 46 erkek akademi oyuncusu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Ayak bileği, quadriceps ve hamstring kas kuvvetleri manuel dinamometre ile, ayak bileği, diz ve kalça eklemleri ROM ölçümleri gonyometre ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denge Togu Challenge Disc ile, dikey ve yatay sıçrama performansları ise Jump Mat ve uzun atlama testi ile ölçülmüştür. Asimetri indeksleri hesaplanmış ve performans üzerindeki ilişkileri çoklu doğrusal regresyon ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular, ROM ve kuvvet asimetri indekslerinin denge ve dikey sıçrama performansında anlamlı ilişkiler sergilediğini göstermiştir (p<0,05). ROM asimetri indeksleri modelinin dominant ve non-dominant bacak denge performansındaki varyansın sırasıyla %35,7’sini ve %33,3’ünü açıkladığını göstermiştir. Kuvvet asimetri indeksleri modeli yalnızca dominant bacak denge performansı için anlamlı bulunmuş ve varyansın %23,2’sini açıklamıştır. Dikey sıçrama performansında ROM asimetri indeksleri modelleri, çift bacak için varyansın %25,5’ini, dominant bacak için %29’unu ve non-dominant bacak için %37’sini açıklamıştır. Aynı performans ölçütünde kuvvet asimetri indeksleri modelleri varyansın %22,6–26,2’sini açıklamış ve tüm modeller anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Yatay sıçrama performansında ROM asimetri indeksleri modelleri anlamlı değilken (p>0,05), kuvvet asimetri indeksleri modelleri çift bacak, dominant bacak ve non-dominant bacak için varyansın sırasıyla %28,7’sini, %31,2’sini ve %31,2’sini açıklamış ve anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, elit genç futbolcularda alt ekstremite asimetrilerinin motor performans üzerindeki etkisi görev-spesifik bir yapı göstermektedir. Özellikle plantar fleksör ve quadriceps kas gruplarındaki kuvvet asimetrileri, denge ve sıçrama performansını sınırlayan önemli değişkenler olarak öne çıkarken, bazı ROM asimetrilerinin belirli durumlarda performans stratejileriyle ilişkili olabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bulgular, performans optimizasyonu ve yaralanma riskinin azaltılması için alt ekstremite kas kuvveti simetrisinin geliştirilmesinin önemini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çakır, H. İ., Kayhan, R. F., Terzi, E., Koç, H. (2026). The Combined Effects of Lower Extremity Asymmetries on Motor Performance and Balance in Elite Youth Soccer Players. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 821–836. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1919324

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (49)

  1. Aagaard, P., Simonsen, E. B., Andersen, J. L., Magnusson, P., & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (2002). Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), 1318-1326. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00283.2002
  2. Acar, S., Aljumaa, H., Şevik, K., Karatosun, V., & Ünver, B. (2024). The intrarater and interrater reliability and validity of universal goniometer, digital inclinometer, and smartphone application measuring range of motion in patients with total knee arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 58(6), 732–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43465-024-01129-z
  3. Almansoof, H. S., Nuhmani, S., & Muaidi, Q. (2023). Role of ankle dorsiflexion in sports performance and injury risk: A narrative review. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 20(5), em521. doi:10.29333/ejgm/13412
  4. Aramaki, H., Katoh, M., Hiiragi, Y., Kawasaki, T., Kurihara, T., & Ohmi, Y. (2016). Validity and reliability of isometric muscle strength measurements of hip abduction and abduction with external hip rotation in a bent-hip position using a handheld dynamometer with a belt. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(7), 2123-2127. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.2123
  5. Basnett, C. R., Hanish, M. J., Wheeler, T. J., Miriovsky, D. J., Danielson, E. L., Barr, J. B., & Grindstaff, T. L. (2013). Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion influences dynamic balance in individuals with chronic ankle instability. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(2), 121-128.
  6. Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(11), 2633-2651. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2
  7. Bell, D. R., Sanfilippo, J. L., Binkley, N., & Heiderscheit, B. C. (2014). Lean mass asymmetry influences force and power asymmetry during jumping in collegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(4), 884-891. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000367
  8. Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Chavda, S., & Turner, A. (2018). Interlimb asymmetries: Understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 40(4), 1-6. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000371
  9. Bishop, C., Turner, A., & Read, P. (2018b). Effects of inter-limb asymmetries on physical and sports performance: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(10), 1135-1144. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1361894
  10. Croisier, J. L., Ganteaume, S., Binet, J., Genty, M., & Ferret, J. M. (2008). Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: A prospective study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(8), 1469-1475. doi:10.1177/0363546508316764
  11. Çakal, T., Şahiner, S., İpek, A., Çağlın, E. T., & Çobanoğlu, H. O. (2022). Tenisçilerde 8 haftalık bosu ball antrenmanlarının denge yetisi üzerine etkisi. Journal of Sport for All and Recreation, 4(1), 10-15. https://izlik.org/JA36NT46BG
  12. Çakır, H. İ., Kayhan, R. F., & Terzi, E. (2025). Age-related bilateral and unilateral lower extremity strength imbalances in elite soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(12), 918-926. doi:10.1055/a-2611-3050
  13. Çıkıkçı, A., Gülez, O., & Kayhan, R. F. (2024). Examining the relationship between sprint and endurance performances, distances covered during the season, positional roles, and success in women's football players. Journal of Athletic Performance and Sports Medicine, 1(1), 34-43. doi:10.5281/zenodo.14581157
  14. Ding, L., Lyu, M., Chen, Z., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Bishop, C., & Li, Y. (2024). Associations between inter-limb asymmetry in lower limb strength and jump performance in 14–15-year-old basketball players. Symmetry, 16(11), 1421. doi:10.3390/sym16111421
  15. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  16. Fong, C. M., Blackburn, J. T., Norcross, M. F., McGrath, M., & Padua, D. A. (2011). Ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion and landing biomechanics. Journal of athletic training, 46(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.5
  17. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Bishop, C., Buscà, B., Aguilera-Castells, J., Vicens-Bordas, J., & Gonzalo-Skok, O. (2020). Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with decrements in physical performance in youth elite team sports athletes. PloS one, 15(3), e0229440. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229440
  18. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
  19. Gribble, P. A., & Hertel, J. (2004). Effect of hip and ankle muscle fatigue on unipedal postural control. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14(6), 641-646. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.05.001
  20. Haddad, M. (2024). Motor asymmetry in football: ımplications for muscular power, balance, and ınjury prevention. Symmetry, 16(11), 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111485
  21. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  22. Hart, N. H., Nimphius, S., Weber, J., Spiteri, T., Rantalainen, T., Dobbin, M., & Newton, R. U. (2016). Musculoskeletal asymmetry in football athletes: A product of limb function over time. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(7), 1379-1387. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000897
  23. Kayhan, R. F., Terzi, E., Bayrakdaroğlu, S., Ceylan, H. İ., Morgans, R., & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2024). Exploring the associations between ankle dorsal and plantar flexion strength, reactive strength index, and balance in elite youth soccer players. Sport Sciences for Health, 20(4), 1305-1316. doi:10.1007/s11332-024-01207-7
  24. Kayhan, R. F., Karadağ, A., & Terzi, E. (2024b). Reliability of the hop test and asymmetry index in university athletes: A cross-sectional study assessing injury risk. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 26(2), 75-87. doi:10.62425/rses.1465420
  25. Kayhan, R. F., Terzi, E., Bayrakdaroglu, S., Ceylan, H. I., & Biyikli, T. (2024c). Isometric shoulder and hip strength impact on throwing velocity and reactive strength. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(14), 1055-1065. 10.1055/a-2346-1526
  26. Kılıç, R. T., Uysal, E., Toraman Karagülmez, A., Ceylan, A., Atlı, A., Yosmaoğlu, H. B., & Kudaş, S. (2024). Alt ekstremite yaralanması geçirmiş sporcularda kullanılan denge testleri: sistematik derleme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1074658
  27. Kimura, M., Ogata, Y., Akebi, T., Ochi, M., Hachisuka, K., & Saeki, S. (2018). Development and reliability of a hand-held dynamometer device to measure the ankle dorsiflexor muscle strength. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, 5, 2055668318802558. doi:10.1177/2055668318802558
  28. Kuwik, P., Florkiewicz, E., Benedict, T., Mason, J., Morris, J., & Crowell, M. (2024). Assessing the relationship of psychological sport readiness, single-leg vertical jump, and non-sagittal single-leg hops to quadriceps strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 19(8), 942. doi:10.26603/001c.121597
  29. Mainer-Pardos, E., Albalad-Aiguabella, R., Villavicencio Álvarez, V. E., Calero-Morales, S., Lozano, D., & Roso-Moliner, A. (2025). Investigating countermovement and horizontal jump asymmetry in female football players: Differences across age categories. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(2), 158. doi:10.3390/jfmk10020158
  30. Maloney, S. J. (2019). The relationship between asymmetry and athletic performance: A critical review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2579-2593. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002608
  31. Marković, G., & Mikulić, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, 40(10), 859-895. doi:10.2165/11318370-000000000-00000
  32. Olszewski, M., Zając, B., Mika, A., & Golec, J. (2024). Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and hip abductor strength can predict Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test performance in healthy males. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 38, 567-573. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.053
  33. Ore, V., Nasic, S., & Riad, J. (2020). Lower extremity range of motion and alignment: A reliability and concurrent validity study of goniometric and three-dimensional motion analysis measurement. Heliyon, 6(8), e04713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04713
  34. Palmieri-Smith, R. M., & Lepley, L. K. (2015). Quadriceps strength asymmetry following ACL reconstruction alters knee joint biomechanics and functional performance at time of return to activity. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(7), 1662-1669. doi:10.1177/0363546515578252
  35. Pappas, E., & Carpes, F. P. (2012). Lower extremity kinematic asymmetry in male and female athletes performing jump-landing tasks. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 87-92. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.008
  36. Patti, A., Gervasi, M., Giustino, V., Figlioli, F., Canzone, A., Drid, P., Thomas, E., Messina, G., Vicari, D. S. S., Palma, A., & Bianco, A. (2024). The influence of ankle mobility and foot stability on jumping ability and landing mechanics: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 160. doi:10.3390/jfmk9030160
  37. Pino-Ortega, J., Carvajal-Espinoza, R., & Becerra-Patiño, B. A. (2024). Evaluation of hand muscle strength using manual dynamometry: A Reliability and validity study of the activ5 instrument. Applied Sciences, 14(19), 8775. doi:10.3390/app14198775
  38. Rojhani-Shirazi, Z., Amiri, Z., & Ebrahimi, S. (2019). Effects of plantar flexor muscles fatigue on postural control during quiet stance and external perturbation in healthy subjects. Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering, 9(2), 233-242.
  39. Roso-Moliner, A., Lozano, D., Nobari, H., Bishop, C., Carton-Llorente, A., & Mainer-Pardos, E. (2023). Horizontal jump asymmetries are associated with reduced range of motion and vertical jump performance in female soccer players. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(1), 80. doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00697-1
  40. Rutkowska-Kucharska, A. (2020). Asymmetry of lower limb strength and jumping ability of young soccer players. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 22(1), 79-85. doi:10.37190/ABB-01513-2019-03
  41. Sanz, A., Pablos, C., Ballester, R., Sánchez-Alarcos, J. V., & Huertas, F. (2020). Range of motion and ınjury occurrence in elite spanish soccer academies. not only a hamstring shortening-related problem. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 34(7), 1924–1932. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003302
  42. Spink, M. J., Fotoohabadi, M. R., & Menz, H. B. (2010). Foot and ankle strength assessment using hand-held dynamometry: reliability and age-related differences. Gerontology, 56(6), 525-532. doi:10.1159/000264655
  43. Terzi, E., Kayhan, R., & Çakır, H. İ. (2025). The effect of upper extremity proprioception on technical performance in handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(9), 677-689. doi:10.1055/a-2591-6454
  44. Thornton, J., Sabah, S., Segaren, N., Cullen, N., Singh, D., & Goldberg, A. (2016). Validated method for measuring functional range of motion in patients with ankle arthritis. Foot & Ankle International, 37(8), 868-873. doi:10.1177/1071100716645391
  45. Tondelli, E., Kenny, I. C., Comyns, T. M., & Zabaloy, S. (2024). Differences and correlations between horizontal and vertical single-leg jump performance, dynamic balance, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in male amateur rugby players according to playing positions. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 38, 281-288. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.033
  46. Wang, H., Yu, H., Kim, Y., & Chen, T. (2022). Asymmetry in muscle strength, dynamic balance, and range of motion in adult symptomatic hip dysplasia. Symmetry, 14(4), 748. doi:10.3390/sym14040748
  47. Wong, O. M., Cheung, R. T., & Li, R. C. (2012). Isokinetic knee function in healthy subjects with and without Kinesio taping. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), 255-258. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2012.01.004
  48. Yoshizawa, T., & Yoshida, S. (2022). Correlation between ankle plantar flexion strength and degree of body sway. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 34(1), 40-43. doi:10.1589/jpts.34.40
  49. Zhang, Z., Xu, D., Gao, X., Zhou, H., Baker, J. S., Radak, Z., & Gu, Y. (2025). Differences of simulated ankle dorsiflexion limitation on lower extremity biomechanics during long jump takeoff. Heliyon, 11(1). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e4100