Journals / Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 16

Corrosion Behavior of the Lundy Shipwreck Steel: A Microstructural and Electrochemical Investigation

Lundy Batığı Çeliğinin Korozyon Davranışı: Mikroyapısal ve Elektrokimyasal Bir İnceleme

Suat Önal(OSMANİYE KORKUT ATA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, OSMANİYE MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0003-1391-1754
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-10-13
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

OES results indicated that the steel is a low-carbon, low-alloy type with Fe 93.47%, C 0.092%, Si 0.45%, Mn 0.14%, Cr 0.20%, Ni 0.14%, and Nb 0.345%.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of the hull steel from the Lundy shipwreck, which sank during the Gallipoli Campaign, in order to reveal its material degradation mechanisms.
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Key Findings & Data:OES results indicated that the steel is a low-carbon, low-alloy type with Fe 93.47%, C 0.092%, Si 0.45%, Mn 0.14%, Cr 0.20%, Ni 0.14%, and Nb 0.345%.
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Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the Nb-microalloyed steel exhibited a weakly protective oxide layer and remained in an active dissolution regime under chloride-rich conditions.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:mikroyapı analizi · düşük karbonlu çelik · korozyon davranışı

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of the hull steel from the Lundy shipwreck, which sank during the Gallipoli Campaign, in order to reveal its material degradation mechanisms. The specimen was extracted from the wreck by cold cutting and characterized using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), microhardness testing, and electrochemical analyses. OES results indicated that the steel is a low-carbon, low-alloy type with Fe 93.47%, C 0.092%, Si 0.45%, Mn 0.14%, Cr 0.20%, Ni 0.14%, and Nb 0.345%. Microstructural observations showed an equiaxed ferritic matrix containing elongated Si- and P-rich “stringer” inclusions that formed interfacial voids, promoting localized corrosion. SEM-EDS surface analyses revealed a multilayered and porous corrosion crust composed mainly of Fe-oxyhydroxides, carbonates, and marine salt deposits. The measured microhardness ranged between 120–150 HV0.1, consistent with soft mild-steel characteristics. Electrochemical tests showed an active corrosion behavior with a corrosion current density of 1.75 mA and a corrosion rate of 32.36 mm yr⁻¹ derived from Tafel analysis. The EIS results indicated a low polarization resistance (≈33 Ω) and a porous, cracked surface film. Overall, the Nb-microalloyed steel exhibited a weakly protective oxide layer and remained in an active dissolution regime under chloride-rich conditions.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çanakkale Savaşı dönemine ait Lundy batığının gövde çeliğinin kimyasal bileşimini, mikroyapısını ve deniz ortamındaki korozyon davranışını inceleyerek malzeme bozulma mekanizmasını ortaya koymaktır. Numune batıktan soğuk kesimle alınmış, optik emisyon spektrometresi (OES), optik ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM-EDS), mikrosertlik ve elektrokimyasal testlerle karakterize edilmiştir. OES sonuçları numunenin Fe %93,47, C %0,092, Si %0,45, Mn %0,14, Cr %0,20, Ni %0,14 ve Nb %0,345 içeren düşük karbonlu–düşük alaşımlı bir çelik olduğunu göstermiştir. Mikroyapı analizlerinde eş eksenli ferrit taneleri ve Si/P zengin, uzamış “stringer” tipi inklüzyonlar gözlenmiştir; bu fazların matrisle sınırlarında boşluklar oluşturarak korozyonun yerelleşmesine yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Yüzey SEM-EDS incelemeleri, Fe-oksi-hidroksit, karbonat ve denizel tuz bileşenlerinden oluşan çok katmanlı, poroz bir korozyon kabuğunu ortaya koymuştur. Mikrosertlik değerleri 120–150 HV0.1 aralığında olup malzemenin yumuşak çelik karakterini desteklemektedir. Tafel analizinde korozyon akımı 1,75 mA ve korozyon hızı 32,36 mm/yıl bulunmuş; EIS verileri düşük polarizasyon direnci (≈33 Ω) ve gözenekli–çatlaklı film yapısını doğrulamıştır. Sonuçlar, Nb mikroalaşımlı çeliğin koruyucu film oluşturmayan, aktif çözünme rejiminde korozyona uğradığını göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Önal, S., *, S. Ö. (2026). Corrosion Behavior of the Lundy Shipwreck Steel: A Microstructural and Electrochemical Investigation. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 16. https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1820487

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