Journals / Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Determination of GPS-Based Land Leveling System Performance in Land Conditions

Arazi Koşullarında GPS Tabanlı Arazi Tesviye Sisteminin Performansının Belirlenmesi

Bahattin Akdemir(TEKİRDAĞ NAMIK KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9872-1823
Pages
51–64
Publication Date
2025-04-29
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

As a result of both the measurement data and the evaluation from the graph and field observations; the GPS levelling system has successfully levelled the land within acceptable limits.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The purpose of this research was to determine performance of the GPS levelling system which has recently started to be used instead of laser system with levelling shovels widely used in rice farming.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The width of levelling shovel was 6 m.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:As a result of both the measurement data and the evaluation from the graph and field observations; the GPS levelling system has successfully levelled the land within acceptable limits.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hassas tarım · GPS · Çeltik

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine performance of the GPS levelling system which has recently started to be used instead of laser system with levelling shovels widely used in rice farming. Levelling system with GPS, reference station, rotating laser, levelling shovel and tractor were used as material. The width of levelling shovel was 6 m. The GPS levelling system manufactured by a local manufacturer, includes the screen, GNSS Antenna At360 and UHF antenna. The GPS levelling system was operated from a reference station that broadcasted a position correction signal. A Broadcasting device with 2 Wat Lora was used as the reference station. The land tests were carried out with a 128 kW tractor. The laser level detection device was TOPCON RL-H3A to determine the heights according to the levelling plane. Deviations from the reference plane were determined. At the same time, the elevation heights of these points were determined by GPS. The deviation values of the obtained data from the targeted values were calculated and evaluated by taking into account the tolerances. Measurements were also evaluated by calculating the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value. Average value of the measurement was determined as 5.71 mm, the standard deviation value was calculated as 3.48 mm and the mean square error was 0.262 mm. The leveling tolerance in the pans for rice production was determined as 2 cm with farmers’ interviews. Most of the measured data were below than 10 mm. As a result of both the measurement data and the evaluation from the graph and field observations; the GPS levelling system has successfully levelled the land within acceptable limits.

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çeltik tarımında yaygın olarak kullanılan lazer sistemli tesviye küreği yerine son zamanlarda kullanılmaya başlanan GPSli tesviye sisteminin performansını arazi koşullarında belirlemektir. Araştırma materyali olarak GPS'li tesviye sistemi, referans istasyonu, döner lazer, tesviye küreği ve traktör kullanılmıştır. Tesviye küreğinin genişliği 6 m'dir. Yerli üretici tarafından üretilen GPSli tesviye sistemi, ekran, GNSS Anten At360 ve UHF antenden oluşmaktadır. GPSli tesviye sistemi, konum düzeltme sinyali yayınlayan bir referans istasyonundan konum verileri alınarak çalıştırılmıştır. Referans istasyonu olarak 2 Wat Lora'lı bir Yayın Cihazı kullanılmıştır. Testler 128 kW'lık bir traktör ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tesviye düzlemine göre yükseklikleri belirlemek için TOPCON RL-H3A lazer seviye tespit cihazı kullanılmıştır. Referans düzlemine göre sapmalar belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bu noktaların kot yükseklikleri GPS ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin hedeflenen değerlerden standart sapma değerleri toleranslar da dikkate alınarak hesaplanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçümler, kök hata (RMSE) değeri hesaplanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçüm noktalarından elde edilen ortalama değer 5,71 mm, standart sapma değeri 3,48 mm ve RMSE 0,262 mm olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çiftçilerle yapılan görüşmelerde pirinç üretiminde tavalardaki tesviye toleransı 2 cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Ölçülen verilerin çoğu 10 mm'nin altındadır. Hem ölçüm verileri hem de grafik ve arazi gözlemlerinden yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda; GPS tesviye sistemi araziyi kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde başarıyla tesviye etmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akdemir, B. (2025). Determination of GPS-Based Land Leveling System Performance in Land Conditions. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 51–64. https://ajindex.com/articles/1276913

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (19)

  1. Akgül, H. N. (2020). Determination of Work Depth of Laser Controlled Leveling Machines (in Turkish: Lazer Kontrollü Tesviye Makinelerinin İş Derinliklerinin Belirlenmesi), ADÜ Ziraat Derg,17(1), 99-105, http://dx.doi: 10.25308/aduziraat.733567
  2. CASEIH. (2025). Traktör-Pumahttps://www.caseih.com.tr/traktorler/puma-serisi
  3. Çekiçkesen. (2025, Nisan 18). Lazerli Tesviye Küreği, https://www.cekickesen.com.tr/urun/ec015-lazerli-tesviye-kuregi.html
  4. Demirtaş, Ç. (2004). A research on using possibilities of geographical information system (GIS) in land leveling projects (in Turkish: Arazi tesviyesi projelerinin hazırlanmasında coğrafi bilgi sistemi (GIS)`nin kullanım olanakları üzerine bir araştırma), https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  5. El-Shikha M. A., El-Berry A., El-Shikha D. M., Zayed M. (2008). A Laser Scraper Modification and Its Effect on Performance and Operational Costs, ASABE Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE Rhode Island Convention Center Providence, Rhode Island June 29 – July 2, 2008, An ASABE Meeting Presentation Paper Number: 083581, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.24887
  6. Eravcı, G. (2022). A research on strenght based computer aided design of a hydraulic scraper (in Turkish: Hidrolik Etkili Toprak Kazı Makinesinin (Skreyper) Mukavemete Dayalı Bilgisayar Destekli Tasarımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  7. Fu, W., Wu G., Bao H., Wei X. Meng Z. (2016). Development Of Land Leveling Equıpment Based On GNSS, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Precision Agriculture July 31 – August 4, 2016, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, https://www.ispag.org/proceedings/ ?action=download&item=1959
  8. Google Earth. (2024). Thrace Region of Türkiye, (Erişim tarihi:17/04/2024)
  9. Hoquel M.A., Hannan M.A. (2014). Performance Evaluation of Laser Guided Leveler, Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech., 4 (2), 82-86, http://dx.doi:10.3329/ijarit.v4i2.22655
  10. Jing, Y., Li Q., Ye W., Liu G. (2023). Development of a GNSS/INS-based automatic navigation land levelling system, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 213 (2023) 108187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108187
  11. Kaloop, M. R. M. (2005). Leveling By Using Global Positioning System, B.Sc. Civil Engineering - Mansoura University, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 200463106_Leveling_ by_using_Global_Positioning_System#fullTextFileContent
  12. Luo, X., Zhao, Z., Li Q., Wang, Z., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J. (2007). Study on Leveling Control for a Paddy Laser Leveler, Conference: 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.22905
  13. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2015). Arazi Tesviye Alet Ve Makineleri Ders notu, http://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller/Arazi%20Tesviye%20Alet%20ve%20Makineleri.pdf
  14. Niu, D., Wang, Y., Li, H., Liu, G., Ma, X., Zhang, M. (2014). Design of an intelligent integrated control terminal for farmland leveling, An ASABE – CSBE/ASABE Joint Meeting Presentation, 2014 ASABE and CSBE/SCGAB Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE Montreal, Quebec Canada July 13 – 16, 2014, Paper Number: 141898879, https://doi: 10.13031/aim.20141898879
  15. Seymour, C. (2015). Applications for GPS on Shovels and Excavators, Brisbane, Australia, www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Seymour2005.pdf, 5s.
  16. Topcon. (2025, Nisan 22). Rotating Laser http://www.topcon.com.sg/survey/rl01.html
  17. Uçaker, E. (2021). Geniş Alanlı Tesviyeli Mühendislik Yapılarında Yüzey Deformasyonlarının Uydu Bazlı Jeodezik Yöntemlerle İzlenmesi, https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  18. Wang, Y., Niu, D., Li, H., Liu G., Ma, X., Li, l. (2014). The Application of Intelligent Navigation Technology in GNSS-controlled Land Leveling System, 2014 ASABE and CSBE/SCGAB Annual International Meeting Sponsored by ASABE Montreal, Quebec Canada July 13 – 16, 2014, Paper Number: 141900125, https://doi: 10.13031/aim.20141900125
  19. Jing, Y., Li Q., Ye W., Liu G. (2023). Development of a GNSS/INS-based automatic navigation land levelling system, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 213 (2023) 108187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108187