Journals / Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

Effect of Ground Motion Duration on Structural Demand in Envelope Spectrum-Based Assessment

Yer Hareketi Süresinin Zarf Spektrumu Tabanlı Değerlendirmelerde Yapısal Talep Üzerindeki Etkisi

Ertuğrul Türker Uzun(İZMİR KATİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-3531-5024
Pages
671–681
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results indicate that long-duration ground motions may produce higher displacement demands and greater response variability, particularly in the intermediate-period range, even when spectral characteristics are broadly similar.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates the effect of ground motion duration on elastic displacement demand within the framework of envelope spectrum-based seismic assessment approaches.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The records are classified into short- and long-duration groups using the significant duration D_(5-95), which represents the time elapsed between 5% and 95% of the total Arias energy of the ground motion.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results indicate that long-duration ground motions may produce higher displacement demands and greater response variability, particularly in the intermediate-period range, even when spectral characteristics are broadly similar.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Yer hareketi süresi · yapısal talep · zarf spektrumu

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of ground motion duration on elastic displacement demand within the framework of envelope spectrum-based seismic assessment approaches. A controlled dataset consisting of ground motion records obtained from a single strong-motion station is analyzed to minimize variability associated with site and path effects. The records are classified into short- and long-duration groups using the significant duration D_(5-95), which represents the time elapsed between 5% and 95% of the total Arias energy of the ground motion. Elastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems are employed to evaluate response spectra, envelope spectra, and maximum elastic displacement demands across different structural periods. In addition to group-level comparisons, a representative pair of ground motion records with comparable peak ground acceleration levels and broadly similar spectral characteristics, but significantly different durations, is selected to illustrate duration-related elastic response behavior. The results indicate that long-duration ground motions may produce higher displacement demands and greater response variability, particularly in the intermediate-period range, even when spectral characteristics are broadly similar. Although envelope spectra successfully bound spectral accelerations, the results suggest that spectral amplitude-based representations alone may not fully capture duration-related variations in elastic displacement response. The findings highlight the importance of considering duration-sensitive parameters in spectrum-based seismic assessment procedures.

Özet

Bu çalışma, zarf spektrumu tabanlı sismik değerlendirme yaklaşımları çerçevesinde, yer hareketinin süresinin elastik yer değiştirme talebi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Tek bir kuvvetli yer hareketi istasyonundan elde edilen kontrollü bir veri seti, saha ve yayılım etkilerinden kaynaklanan değişkenliği azaltmak amacıyla analiz edilmiştir. Kayıtlar, yer hareketinin toplam Arias enerjisinin %5 ile %95'i arasında geçen süreyi temsil eden önemli süre D_(5-95) kullanılarak kısa ve uzun süreli gruplara ayrılmıştır. Farklı yapısal periyotlar boyunca tepki spektrumları, zarf spektrumları ve maksimum elastik yer değiştirme taleplerini değerlendirmek amacıyla elastik tek serbestlik dereceli (SDOF) sistemler kullanılmıştır. Grup düzeyindeki karşılaştırmalara ek olarak, benzer tepe yer ivmesi seviyelerine ve genel olarak benzer spektral özelliklere sahip ancak süreleri belirgin şekilde farklı olan temsili bir yer hareketi kaydı çifti, süreye bağlı elastik tepki davranışını açıklamak amacıyla incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, uzun süreli yer hareketlerinin, spektral özellikler genel olarak benzer olsa bile, özellikle orta periyot aralığında daha yüksek yer değiştirme talepleri ve daha fazla tepki değişkenliği oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Zarf spektrumları spektral ivmeleri başarılı şekilde sınırlasa da, elde edilen sonuçlar yalnızca spektral genlik temelli temsillerin süreye bağlı elastik yer değiştirme davranışındaki değişimleri tam olarak yansıtamayabileceğini göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, spektrum tabanlı sismik değerlendirme prosedürlerinde süreye duyarlı parametrelerin dikkate alınmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Uzun, E. T. (2026). Effect of Ground Motion Duration on Structural Demand in Envelope Spectrum-Based Assessment. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 671–681. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.1934428

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (23)

  1. Li C, Kunnath SK, Zhao Y. A new framework for ground motion selection for structural seismic assessment. Eng Struct 2023; 285: 116055.
  2. Caicedo D, Karimzadeh S, Bernardo V, Lourenço PB. Selection and Scaling Approaches of Earthquake Time-Series for Structural Engineering Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review. Arch Comput Methods Eng 2024; 31: 1475–1505.
  3. Gülkan HP, Akansel VH, Kalkan E. Response spectrum shapes implied by earthquakes in Turkey: comparisons with design spectra. J Seismol 2023; 27: 681–692.
  4. Francis TC, Sullivan TJ, Hulsey AM, Elwood KJ. Recommendations for the Shape of the Design Response Spectrum in the New Zealand Seismic Loadings Technical Specification. Bull New Zeal Soc Earthq Eng 2025; 58(2): 83–97.
  5. Raghunandan M, Liel AB. Effect of ground motion duration on earthquake-induced structural collapse. Struct Saf 2013; 41: 119–133.
  6. Otárola K, Gentile R, Sousa L, Galasso C. Impact of ground-motion duration on nonlinear structural performance: Part I: spectrally equivalent records and inelastic single-degree-of-freedom systems. Earthq Spectra 2023; 39(2): 829–859.
  7. Otárola K, Sousa L, Gentile R, Galasso C. Impact of ground-motion duration on nonlinear structural performance: Part II: site- and building-specific analysis. Earthq Spectra 2023; 39(2): 860–888.
  8. Molazadeh M, Saffari H. The effects of ground motion duration and pinching-degrading behavior on seismic response of SDOF systems. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2018; 114: 333–347.
  9. Balun B. The influence of ground motion duration on the energy based assessment of buildings with infill walls. Structures 2023; 49: 765–778.
  10. Liu B, Lu X, Xu L. Effects of ground motion duration on dynamic responses, fragility, and seismic loss of self-centering frames. J Build Eng 2025; 99: 111610.
  11. Chen G, Guo G, Liu Y, Yang D. Duration Effects of Near-Fault Ground Motions on Structural Seismic Responses. J Earthq Eng 2023; 27(11): 3202–3227.
  12. Prakash S, Anbazhagan P. Optimal ground motion intensity measures for the seismic vulnerability assessment of embankment dams. Georisk Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 2026.
  13. Rajeev P, Wijesundara KK. Energy-based damage index for concentrically braced steel structure using continuous wavelet transform. J Constr Steel Res 2014; 103:241–250.
  14. Yaghmaei-Sabegh S, Makaremi S. Development of duration‐dependent damage‐based inelastic response spectra. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2017; 46: 771–789.
  15. Mo T, Wu Q, Li DQ, Du W. Influence of ground motion characteristics (velocity pulse and duration) on the pile responses in liquefiable soil deposits. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2022;159: 107330.
  16. Faramarzi MS, Sadeghian V, Fazileh F, Fathi-Fazl R. Ground motion selection and scaling for seismic design and assessment of structures in Canada: a critical review. Can J Civ Eng 2026; 53: 1–27.
  17. Yang Y, Zuo Z, Gong M. Estimation of Structural Hysteretic Energy Dissipation Based on Normalized Energy Spectra Considering Ground Motion Duration. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2026; 55: 1416–1433.
  18. Pinilla-Ramos C, Abrahamson N, Phung VB, Kayen R, Castellanos-Nash P. Ground-Motion Model for Significant Duration Constrained by Seismological Simulations. Bull Seismol Soc Am 2023: 1–18.
  19. AFAD. Türkiye İvme Veritabanı ve Analiz Sistemi (TADAS),T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Afet ve Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara 2025. https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/.
  20. Wang W, Wang X. Seismic behaviour of structures under long-duration ground motions: A review. Structures 2023; 54: 1224–1236.
  21. Davatgari-Tafreshi M, Bora SS. Empirical ground-motion models (GMMs) and associated correlations for cumulative absolute velocity, Arias intensity, and significant durations calibrated on Iranian strong motion database. Bull Earthq Eng 2023; 21: 4139–4166.
  22. Acosta AA, Miranda E, Deierlein GG. Response spectrum method for structures subjected to vertical ground motions: Absolute acceleration method. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2023; 52: 4820–4841
  23. AFAD. Türkiye İvme Veritabanı ve Analiz Sistemi (TADAS),T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Afet ve Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara 2025. https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/.