Journals / Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

A new paradigm of the digital age: Digital nomads and their taxation

Dijital çağın yeni paradigması: Dijital göçebeler ve vergilendirilmesi

Orçun Avcı(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-7917-9802
Hüseyin Dirican(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-6970-5821
Pages
1393–1411
Publication Date
2025-09-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

As a result of the study, it was concluded that the current visa program in Türkiye needs to be improved.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The development of digitalization and computer technology has enabled all tasks and operations to be carried out online, thereby increasing labor mobility.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Digital nomads are individuals who make advanced use of technological tools such as information technology, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, and generate income through these areas.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:As a result of the study, it was concluded that the current visa program in Türkiye needs to be improved.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Dijitalleşme · Dijital Göçebeler · Bilgi Teknolojileri

Abstract

The development of digitalization and computer technology has enabled all tasks and operations to be carried out online, thereby increasing labor mobility. In this context, digital nomadism has emerged as an alternative to traditional working conditions, offering new workspaces and employment opportunities. Digital nomads are individuals who make advanced use of technological tools such as information technology, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing, and generate income through these areas. In this regard, it is of great importance both to ensure the taxation of the income they earn and to attract them to the country through appropriate tax regime policies. Within this scope, the aim of the study is to evaluate the taxation principles of digital nomads, who are the new actors of the digital world, as well as the regulations implemented in Türkiye. For this purpose, the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the study. The study examined digital nomad visa practices, which are the most important policy tools developed to encourage digital nomads both globally and in Türkiye. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the current visa program in Türkiye needs to be improved. Accordingly, the study presents recommendations aimed at enhancing the existing visa program, which constitutes the original contribution of this research.

Özet

Dijitalleşme ve bilgisayar teknolojisinin gelişmesi tüm iş ve işlemlerin online olarak yürütülmesine olanak tanıyarak iş gücü hareketliliğini artırmıştır. Bu anlamda geleneksel çalışma koşullarına alternatif olarak yeni çalışma alanları ve istihdam olanakları arasında yer alan dijital göçebelik ortaya çıkmıştır. Dijital göçebeler; bilgi teknolojisi, yapay zekâ ve bulut bilişim gibi teknolojik araçları ileri düzeyde kullanan ve bu alanlar üzerinden gelir elde eden kişilerdir. Bu yönüyle bir taraftan elde ettikleri gelirin vergilendirilmesi diğer taraftan uygun vergi rejimi politikaları ile ülkeye kazandırılmaları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, dijital dünyanın yeni aktörleri olan dijital göçebelerin vergilendirilme esaslarını ve Türkiye’de hayata geçirilen düzenlemeleri değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye’de dijital göçebeleri teşvik edebilmek için geliştirilen en önemli politika aracı olan dijital göçebe vize uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye’deki mevcut vize programının geliştirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın özgün yönünü oluşturan, mevcut vize programının iyileştirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur.

🔖

Cite This Article

Avcı, O., Dirican, H. (2025). A new paradigm of the digital age: Digital nomads and their taxation. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 1393–1411. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1770478

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (53)

  1. Aydemir, R. (2023). Yeni eğilim dijital göçebelik (nomadism) ve vergisel bir bakış. Vergi Raporu, (287), 68-85.
  2. Bozdoğanoğlu, B. (2024). Dijital göçebeler: Ekonomik beklentiler ve yaratılan değerin uluslararası vergi hukuku kuralları çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Maliye Dergisi, (186), 113-141.
  3. Bozzi, A. (2024). Digital nomadism from the perspective of places and mobilities: A literature review. European Transport Research Review, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-024-00663-z
  4. Brown, H. (2020). Faqs about Estonia’s digital nomad visa. Republic of Estonia e-Residency. https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/blog/posts/faqs-about-estonias-digital-nomad-visa/
  5. Çimen, G. (2021). Dijital ekonominin vergilendirilmesi sorunu: Türkiye ve seçili ülkelerde tek taraflı uygulamalar. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, (397), 94-114.
  6. Digital Emigre. (2025). Croatia digital nomad visa: Full requirements and how to apply. https://digitalemigre.com/relocation/croatia-digital-nomad-visa/
  7. Digital Nomad Tax. (2024a). 23 tax free digital nomad visa: Where to go in 2025. https://digitalnomadtax.eu/tax-free-digital-nomad-visa/
  8. Digital Nomad Tax. (2024b). The ultimate list of best digital nomad visas in Europe. https://digitalnomadtax.eu/best-digital-nomad-visas-in-europe/
  9. Digital Nomads Go Türkiye. (2020). Dijital göçebe vizesi ön başvuru belgesi şartları. https://digitalnomads.goturkiye.com/tr/dijital-gocebe-vize-ve-kisa-donem-ikamet-icin-basvuru-sartlari
  10. Dürselen, G. (2024). Fair taxation of digital nomads [Master’s thesis, Tilburg University].
  11. Günsan, N. (2024). Çalışma hayatının yeni kavramları: Gig ekonomisi ve dijital göçebe. Akademik Düşünce Dergisi, (10), 122-134.
  12. Hacıköylü, C. (2017). Dar mükellef kurumların ticari kazançlarının çifte vergilendirmeyi önleme anlaşmaları çerçevesinde vergilendirilmesi: Türkiye-İspanya anlaşması. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, (340), 115-124.
  13. Hannonen, O. (2020). In search of a digital nomad: Defining the phenomenon. Information Technology & Tourism, 22, 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00177-z
  14. Henderson, P. (2025a). Digital nomad taxes: Which types of taxes and how to pay them?. Holafly. https://esim.holafly.com/taxes/digital-nomads-taxes/
  15. Henderson, P. (2025b). Do digital nomads pay taxes in Portugal?. Holafly. https://esim.holafly.com/taxes/digital-nomads-taxes-portugal/
  16. Hermann, I., & Paris, C. M. (2020). Digital nomadism: The nexus of remote working and travel mobility. Information Technology & Tourism, 22, 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00188-w
  17. Immigrant Invest. (2025a). Spain digital nomad visa. https://immigrantinvest.com/spain-digital-nomad-residence/
  18. Immigrant Invest. (2025b). Malta nomad residence permit. https://immigrantinvest.com/nomad-residence-permit-malta-en/
  19. Immigrant Invest. (2024c). Taxes for digital nomads: A complede guide to navigate the maze of rates and benefits. https://immigrantinvest.com/blog/digital-nomad-taxes/
  20. İli, B., & Büyükbaykal, G. N. (2023). Yeni medya çağında dijital göçebelik: 21. yüzyılın gezginleri üzerine bir inceleme. Akdeniz İletişim, 41, 70-93.
  21. KC, H., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2025). Digital nomadism and the emergence of digital nomad visas: What policy objectives do states aim to achieve?. International Migration Review, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183241306367
  22. Khang, A., Hajimahmud, V. A., & Alyar, A. V. (2024). Introduction to the gig economy. In A. Khang, B. Jadhav, V. A. Hajimahmud, I. Satpathy (Ed.), Synergy of AI and Fintech in the Digital Gig Economy (pp. 1-13). CRC Press.
  23. Lipniewicz, R. (2024). Digital nomads and international taxation of income from employment. Krytyka Prawa, 16(2), 268-285. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.690
  24. Makimoto, T. (2013). The age of the digital nomad: Impact of CMOS innovation. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, 5(1), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSSC.2012.2231498
  25. Makimoto, T., & Manners, D. (1997). Digital nomad. Wiley.
  26. Mancinelli, F. (2020). Digital nomads: Freedom, responsibility and the neoliberal order. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-020-00174-2
  27. MBO Partners. (2024). Digital nomads nomading normalizes in 2024. https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/digital-nomads/
  28. Milošević, Ž., Ivanišević, A., Lošonc, A., Bolesnikov, M., & Pavlović, A. (2025). Digital nomadism in a contemporary business environment. In N. Carmen, A. Monda, R. Dias (Ed.), 8th International Scientific Conference EMAN 2024–Selected Papers (pp. 171-178). Udekom Balkan.
  29. Müller, A. (2016). The digital nomad: Buzzword or research category?. Transnational Social Review: A Social Work Journal, 6(3), 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21931674.2016.1229930
  30. Nomads Embassy. (2025). Spain digital nomad visa: How to apply. https://nomadsembassy.com/spain-digital-nomad-visa/
  31. OECD. (2022). Should OECD countries develop new digital nomad visas?. Migration Policy Debates. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/should-oecd-countries-develop-new-digital-nomad-visas_4d425e15-en.html
  32. Ozmen, E. (2025). Do digital nomads pay tax in Turkey?. https://evrenozmen.com.tr/do-digital-nomads-pay-tax-in-turkey#heading-1-do-digital-nomads-pay-tax-in-turkey
  33. Panayi, C. H. (2025). Digital nomads, international remote working and tax implications (Part II). Idlaw. https://www.idlaw.com.cy/knowledge/digital-nomads-international-remote-working-and-tax-implications-part-ii/
  34. Pignatari, L.T. (2023). The taxation of digital nomads and 3w’s: Between tax challenges and heavenly beaches. Intertax, 51(5), 384-396. https://doi.org/10.54648/taxi2023033
  35. Reichenberger, I. (2018). Digital nomads – a quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(3), 364-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098
  36. Russell, J. (2013). 7‘digital nomads’ explain how they live, work and travel anywhere in the world. The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/news/7-digital-nomads-explain-how-they-live-work-and-travel-anywhere-in-the-world
  37. Saban, N. (2024). Vergi hukuku. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  38. Shvetsova, O. (2022). Gig economy: Trends and perspectives. How to define advantages and disadvantages of gig economy?. In A. Gupta, T. Tewary, B. N. Gopalakrishnan (Ed.), Sustainability in the Gig Economy: Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities in Industry 4.0 (pp. 19-31). Springer.
  39. Sokolov, E. (2025). Top countries with low taxes for digital nomads. Visa Dijital Nomad. https://visa-digital-nomad.com/blog/low-taxes-for-digital-nomads/#greece
  40. Şenyüz, D., Yüce, M., & Gerçek, A. (2025). Türk vergi sistemi. Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  41. Taşkan, Y. Z. (2025). Vergi hukuku. Adalet Yayınevi.
  42. Temür, Y., & Yıldız, S. (2025). Vergilemede adalet ilkesi karşısında dijital göçebelerin durumu. Vergi Raporu, (304), 110-121.
  43. Thompson, B. Y. (2019). The digital nomad lifestyle: (Remote) work/leisure balance, privilege, and constructed community. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2(1-2), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-018-00030-y
  44. Toivanen, M. (2025). The freedom paradox: Meanings and configurations of digital nomadic work. International Migration Review, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183251314848
  45. Tosuner, M., Arıkan, Z., & Bay, H. (2025). Türk vergi sistemi. Kanyılmaz Matbaası.
  46. Tyutyuryukov, V., & Guseva, N. (2021). From remote work to digital nomads: Tax issues and tax opportunities of digital lifestyle. IFAC Papers Online, 54(13), 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.443
  47. UNWTO. (2023). Digital nomad visas. UNWTO Brief. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284424481
  48. van den Broek, T., Haubrich, G., Razmerita, L., Murero, M., Marx, J., Lind, Y., Brakel-Ahmed, F., Cook, L., & de Boer, P. (2023). Digital nomads: Opportunities and challenges for the future of work in the post-covid society. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
  49. Wallace, M. (2025). Digital nomad taxes: 8 things you need to know. Greenback Tax Services. https://www.greenbacktaxservices.com/knowledge-center/digital-nomad-taxes/
  50. WebTekno. (2025). Dünyada en hızlı internete sahip ülkeler ve şehirler belli oldu (Türkiye daha da geriledi). https://www.webtekno.com/en-hizli-internete-sahip-ulkeler-sehirler-ocak-2025-h155855.html
  51. Woldoff, R. A., & Litchfield, R. C. (2021). Digital nomads: In search of freedom, community, and meaningful work in the new economy. Oxford University Press.
  52. Wood, M. (2005). Nomad aesthetics and the global knowledge economy. Tamara: Journal of Critical Postmodern Organization Science, 3(4), 50-64.
  53. Yılmaz, B. E., & Batı, M. (2025). Türk vergi sistemi. Seçkin Yayıncılık.