Journals / Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

RISK FACTORS INFLUENCING RUPTURE IN METHOTREXATE-TREATED ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

METOTREKSAT TEDAVİSİ ALAN EKTOPİK GEBELİKLERDE RÜPTÜRÜ ETKİLEYEN RİSK FAKTÖRLERİ: RETROSPEKTİF BİR ÇALIŞMA

İsmail Yılmaz(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ-CERRAHPAŞA, CERRAHPAŞA TIP FAKÜLTESİ, CERRAHPAŞA TIP PR.)0000-0002-5083-6987
Rahime Nida Bayık(NİŞANTAŞI ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1805-2178
Pages
331–338
Publication Date
2026-07-20
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These risk factors should be carefully evaluated before initiating medical management to reduce the risk of treatment failure and adverse outcomes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to identify clinical and biochemical factors that predict rupture in ectopic pregnancies treated with methotrexate (MTX) and to guide treatment decision-making between medical and surgical approaches.
📊
Key Findings & Data:MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 284 patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and initially treated with MTX were included.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These risk factors should be carefully evaluated before initiating medical management to reduce the risk of treatment failure and adverse outcomes.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Rüptür · Ektopik Gebelik · Metotreksat Tedavisi

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to identify clinical and biochemical factors that predict rupture in ectopic pregnancies treated with methotrexate (MTX) and to guide treatment decision-making between medical and surgical approaches. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 284 patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and initially treated with MTX were included. Among them, 50 patients required subsequent surgical intervention due to rupture, while 234 patients were successfully managed with MTX alone. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Variables assessed included demographic characteristics (age, parity), obstetric and surgical history (abortion, previous ectopic pregnancy, prior abdominal surgeries), gestational age, blood type, presence of intrauterine device (IUD), presenting symptoms, fetal cardiac activity (FCA), size of ectopic mass, Douglas pouch fluid, endometrial thickness, serial beta-hCG levels, and pathology results. RESULTS: Patients who required surgical intervention had significantly larger ectopic mass sizes (p < 0.01), increased endometrial thickness (p < 0.01), higher initial (day 1) and follow-up (days 4-7) beta-hCG levels (p < 0.001), more frequent presence of fetal cardiac activity (p < 0.01), and a greater history of prior ovarian or tubal surgery (p < 0.05) compared to those successfully treated medically. Additionally, abdominal pain was more common in the surgical group (p < 0.01), while vaginal bleeding was less frequent (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ectopic mass size, endometrial thickness, elevated beta-hCG levels, presence of fetal cardiac activity, and prior tubal or ovarian surgery are significant predictors of rupture in ectopic pregnancies treated with MTX. These risk factors should be carefully evaluated before initiating medical management to reduce the risk of treatment failure and adverse outcomes.

Özet

AMAÇ: Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı, metotreksat (MTX) ile tedavi edilen ektopik gebeliklerde rüptürü öngören klinik ve biyokimyasal risk faktörlerini belirlemek ve medikal veya cerrahi tedavi kararlarını yönlendirmektir. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmaya MTX tedavisi almış toplam 284 ektopik gebelik vakası dahil edildi. Bu hastalardan 50’si rüptür nedeniyle cerrahi müdahaleye ihtiyaç duymuştur, 234’ü ise yalnızca medikal tedavi ile başarıyla izlenmiştir. Veriler IBM SPSS Statistics 22 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. İncelenen değişkenler; demografik özellikler (yaş, parite), obstetrik ve cerrahi öykü (abortus, önceki ektopik gebelik, karın ameliyatları), son adet tarihine göre gebelik haftası, kan grubu, rahim içi araç (RİA) varlığı, semptomlar, fetal kalp atımı (FKA), ektopik odak boyutu, Douglas boşluğunda sıvı varlığı, endometriyal kalınlık, beta-hCG düzeyleri ve patoloji sonuçlarıdır. BULGULAR: Cerrahi müdahale gerektiren hastalarda, medikal tedavi ile başarı sağlananlara kıyasla ektopik odak boyutları (p < 0,01), endometriyal kalınlık (p < 0,01), başlangıç (1. gün) ve takip beta-hCG (4-7. günler) düzeyleri (p < 0.001), fetal kalp atımı (FKA) görülme oranı (p < 0,01) ve önceki over/tubal cerrahi öyküsü (p < 0,05) anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu. Ayrıca bu grupta karın ağrısı şikâyeti daha sık görülürken (p < 0,01), vajinal kanama şikâyeti anlamlı düzeyde daha düşük olarak saptandı (p < 0,05). SONUÇ: Ektopik kitle boyutu, endometriyal kalınlık, yüksek beta-hCG seviyeleri, FKA varlığı ve önceki over/tüp cerrahisi, MTX ile tedavi edilen ektopik gebeliklerde rüptür riskini öngörmede önemli göstergelerdir. Bu risk faktörleri, medikal tedavi planlanmadan önce dikkatle değerlendirilmelidir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yılmaz, İ., Bayık, R. N. (2026). RISK FACTORS INFLUENCING RUPTURE IN METHOTREXATE-TREATED ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.1625438

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (29)

  1. Vadakekut ES, Gnugnoli DM. Ectopic Pregnancy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/
  2. Lisonkova S, Tan J, Wen Q, et al. Temporal trends in severe morbidity and mortality associated with ectopic pregnancy requiring hospitalisation in Washington State, USA: a population-based study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):e024353.
  3. Chaudhari KR, Sakhalkar A, Khyade R. Rarest variations of ectopic pregnancy: an obstetrician’s dilemma. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;24(7):3173.
  4. Patil M. Ectopic pregnancy after infertility treatment. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2012;5(2):154–65.
  5. Barel O, Suday RR, Stanleigh J, et al. Laparoscopic Removal of an Abdominal Pregnancy in the Pelvic Sidewall. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2019;26(6):1007–8.
  6. Mullany K, Minneci M, Monjazeb R, C. Coiado O. Overview of ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, management, and innovation. Womens Health. 2023;19:17455057231160348.
  7. Pillai DrAS, Rs DrCS. Incidence, diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancies: A review. Int J Clin Obstet Gynaecol [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1 [cited 2025 Jun 26];4(5):220–3. Available from: https://www.gynaecologyjournal.com/archives/2020/vol4issue5/D/4-5-17
  8. Hendriks E, Rosenberg R, Prine L. Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;101(10):599–606.
  9. Bo W, Qianyu Z, Mo L. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Ectopic Pregnancy: A 30-Year Observational Database Study. Cui D, editor. Int J Clin Pract. 2023;18:1–14.
  10. Hirschler LE, Soti V. The Utility of Monitoring Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Levels in an Ectopic Pregnancy. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Jan 22 [cited 2025 Nov 5]; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/132578-the-utility-of-monitoring-beta-human-chorionic-gonadotropin- levels-in-an-ectopic-pregnancy
  11. Obaid M, A. Abdelazim I, Abu-Faza M, et al. Treatment of left tubal pregnancy with foetal cardiac activity using a two-dose methotrexate regimen. Menopausal Rev. 2022;21(2):138–41.
  12. ACOG,2018. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 191: Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(2):e65–77.
  13. Chegini V, Pakniat H, Shora M, et al. Predictors of single-dose methotrexate treatment success in ectopic pregnancies: A retrospective cohort study. Clínica E Investig En Ginecol Obstet. 2024;51(4):100967.
  14. Lin Q, Lin N, Wang G, et al. A novel predict factor that increases the success rate of methotrexate treatment in fallopian tube pregnancy. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(2):146.
  15. Raine-Bennett T, Fassett MJ, Chandra M, et al. Disparities in the Incidence of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Large Health Care System in California, 2010−2019. Perm J. 2022;26(3):61–8.
  16. Almutairy S, Aldakhil LO. Clinical Presentation as a Predictor of the Response to Methotrexate Therapy in Patients with Ectopic Pregnancy. Souza RT, editor. J Pregnancy [Internet]. 2022 Nov 28 [cited 2025 Jun 27];2022:1–6. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jp/2022/5778321/
  17. Kimiaei P, Khani Z, Marefian A, et al. The Importance of Gestational Sac Size of Ectopic Pregnancy in Response to Single-Dose Methotrexate. ISRN Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2013 May 14 [cited 2025 Jun 27];2013:1–4. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/269425/
  18. Deniz S, Ali B, Canan U, et al. Evaluation of the parameters in predicting single‐dose methotrexate therapy success for ectopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2024;50(5):856–63.
  19. Omar AA, Khai Leng L, Apana AN, et al. A 10-Year Review of Methotrexate Treatment for Ectopic Pregnancy in a Malaysian Tertiary Referral Hospital. Cureus [Internet]. 2022 Oct 17 [cited 2025 Nov 6]; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/98575-a-10-year-review-of-methotrexate-treatment-for-ectopic- pregnancy-in-a-malaysian-tertiary-referral-hospital
  20. Dhar H, Hamdi I, Rathi B. Methotrexate Treatment Of Ectopic Pregnancy: Experience at Nizwa Hospital with Literature Review. Oman Med J. 2011;26(2):94–8.
  21. Abdelfattah-Arafa E, Abdussalam HF, Omar Saad M, et al. The predictors of successful methotrexate treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2024;44(1):2361456.
  22. Fu L, Liu X, Tian Z, et al. Risk factors for methotrexate treatment failure in tubal ectopic pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):884.
  23. Tasgoz FN, Temur M, Dundar B, et al. The role of day 0 and day 4 β-human chorionic gonadotropin values and initial ultrasound findings in predicting the success of methotrexate treatment in ectopic pregnancy. Ginekol Pol. 2020;91(7):389–93.
  24. Ozcan MCH, Wilson JR, Frishman GN. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Surgical Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy with Salpingectomy versus Salpingostomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2021;28(3):656–67.
  25. Li PC, Lin WY, Ding DC. Risk factors and clinical characteristics associated with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;17(24):e29514.
  26. Gizaw NT, K/Mariam MA, Fayera MG. Magnitude of ectopic pregnancy, management methods, and its associated factors among pregnant women attending Ambo University Referral Hospital in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A seven years retrospective institutional based cross-sectional study. Robinson J, editor. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2025;5(6):e0004611.
  27. Sendy F, AlShehri E, AlAjmi A, et al. Failure Rate of Single Dose Methotrexate in Managment of Ectopic Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2025 Jun 27];2015:1–5. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ogi/2015/902426/
  28. Aslan Çetin B, Aydoğan Mathyk B. Prediction of Single Dose Methotrexate Success in Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment. Eur Arch Med Res. 2019;35(4):201–4.
  29. Davenport MJ, Lindquist A, Brownfoot F, etr al. Time to resolution of tubal ectopic pregnancy following methotrexate treatment: A retrospective cohort study. Garzon S, editor. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2022 May 24 [cited 2025 Jun 28];17(5):e0268741. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268741.