Journals / Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4

INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF RUTIN ON SKELETAL MUSCLE ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY IN RATS

RUTİN'İN SIÇAN İSKELET KASI İSKEMİ-REPERFÜZYON HASARI ÜZERİNDEKİ POTANSİYEL KORUYUCU ETKİLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI.

Emrah Tümer(KÜTAHYA SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TIP PR.)0000-0002-2198-9386
Hasan Şimşek(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TIP PR.)0000-0001-5573-4923
Nurhan Akaras(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TIP PR.)0000-0002-8457-9448
Özge Kandemir(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, AKSARAY TEKNİK BİLİMLER MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0001-8884-4168
Fatih Mehmet Kandemir(AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TIP PR.)0000-0002-8490-2479
Pages
466–473
Publication Date
2026-10-12
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings highlight rutin as a promising pharmacological candidate for protecting skeletal muscle integrity in post-ischemic conditions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of rutin against lower-extremity ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis, considering rutin’s well-known strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Key Findings & Data:Hind limb ischemia was induced by applying a tourniquet to the upper limb for 2 hours, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion.
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Conclusion & Impact:These findings highlight rutin as a promising pharmacological candidate for protecting skeletal muscle integrity in post-ischemic conditions.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Apoptozis · İnflamasyon · İskemi-reperfüzyon

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of rutin against lower-extremity ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis, considering rutin’s well-known strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, rutin, IR, and IR+rutin. Hind limb ischemia was induced by applying a tourniquet to the upper limb for 2 hours, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Rutin was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg prior to ischemia. Skeletal muscle tissue samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH) using spectrophotometric biochemical assays; inflammatory mediators (NF-κB, IL-1β mRNA), endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (PERK, ATF6, IRE1α mRNA), and apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3) were evaluated by RT-PCR. Histopathological changes were examined in sections prepared from the gastrocnemius muscle using H&E staining. RESULTS: Ischemia-reperfusion led to a significant increase in MDA levels and in the mRNA expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, Bax, and caspase-3, accompanied by a reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH content. Rutin exhibited protective activity against IR-induced muscle damage by strengthening endogenous antioxidant defenses and suppressing stress-related signaling pathways. Consistently, histopathological evaluation demonstrated that rutin mitigated muscle fiber disorganization, vascular congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: Oral rutin administration exerts strong protective effects against skeletal muscle IR injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, ER stress, and apoptosis. These findings highlight rutin as a promising pharmacological candidate for protecting skeletal muscle integrity in post-ischemic conditions.

Özet

AMAÇ: Bu çalışmanın amacı, rutinin bilinen güçlü antioksidan ve anti-inflamatuar özelliklerini göz önüne alarak, sıçanlarda alt ekstremite iskemi-reperfüzyon (IR) kaynaklı iskelet kası hasarına karşı rutinin koruyucu etkilerini oksidatif stres, inflamasyon, endoplazmik retikulum (ER) stresi ve apoptoz üzerine odaklanarak araştırmaktır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Yirmi sekiz erkek Wistar sıçanı rastgele dört gruba ayrıldı: kontrol, rutin, IR ve IR+rutin. Arka bacak iskemisi, üst bacağa 2 saat turnike uygulanarak ve ardından 2 saat reperfüzyon uygulanarak oluşturuldu. İskemiden önce oral yoldan 100 mg/kg rutin uygulandı. İskelet kas dokusu örnekleri oksidatif stres belirteçler (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH) açısından spektrofotometrik biyokimyasal analizlerle, inflamatuar mediatörler (NF-κB, IL-1β mRNA), endoplazmik retikulum stres belirteçleri (PERK, ATF6, IRE1α mRNA) ve apoptotik belirteçler (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3) açısından RT-PCR yöntemiyle analiz edildi. Histopatolojik değişiklikler ise gastroknemius kasından hazırlanan kesitlerde H&E boyaması ile incelendi. BULGULAR: İskemi-reperfüzyon, MDA seviyelerinde ve NF-κB, IL-1β, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, Bax ve caspase-3 mRNA ekspresyonunda önemli bir artışa yol açmış ve antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinde (SOD, CAT, GPx) ve GSH içeriğinde bir azalmaya neden olmuştur. Rutin tedavisi, oksidatif stresi, inflamasyonu, endoplazmik retikulum stresini ve apoptozu baskılayıp, antioksidan savunma mekanizmalarını yeniden canlandırarak bu değişiklikleri etkili bir şekilde tersine çevirmiştir. Histopatolojik değerlendirme, rutinin kas lifi düzensizliğini, damar tıkanıklığını ve inflamatuar hücre infiltrasyonunu azalttığını göstermiştir. SONUÇ: Oral rutin uygulaması, oksidatif stresi, inflamatuar yanıtları, endoplazmik retikulum stresini ve apoptozu düzenleyerek iskelet kası iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarına karşı güçlü koruyucu etkiler göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, rutinin iskemi sonrası durumlarda iskelet kası bütünlüğünü korumak için potansiyel bir terapötik ajan olduğunu ve ileri araştırmaları hak ettiğini göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Tümer, E., Şimşek, H., Akaras, N., Kandemir, Ö., Kandemir, F. M. (2026). INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF RUTIN ON SKELETAL MUSCLE ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY IN RATS. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 466–473. https://doi.org/10.18229/kocatepetip.1770794

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