Journals / Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41

Effect of High-temperature Stress on Germination Parameters in Cool-climate Cereals

Yüksek Sıcaklık Stresinin Serin İklim Tahıllarında Çimlenme Parametrelerine Etkisi

Ali Öztürk(ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-7673-114X
Hasan Kartay(Atatürk Üniversitesi)0000-0002-0603-8478
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-02-27
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These genotypes are recommended for environments with high soil temperatures at sowing time and can be used as gene sources in relevant breeding programmes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:High temperature stress is a widespread problem that negatively affects productivity and quality of cereals.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this research, the germination response of 16 genotypes belonging to the einkorn, emmer, durum wheat, bread wheat, barley, rye, oat and triticale species to high temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C) were investigated under laboratory conditions.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These genotypes are recommended for environments with high soil temperatures at sowing time and can be used as gene sources in relevant breeding programmes.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Çimlenme güç indeksi · Buğday · Arpa

Abstract

High temperature stress is a widespread problem that negatively affects productivity and quality of cereals. In this research, the germination response of 16 genotypes belonging to the einkorn, emmer, durum wheat, bread wheat, barley, rye, oat and triticale species to high temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Significant differences were identified among the species and genotypes in terms of the germination traits. High temperatures had an adverse effect on germination traits, and genotype x temperature interactions were important in terms of the traits. Germination was not observed at the 40 °C and 45 °C treatment levels in any species, and there was no germination at 35 °C only in the einkorn and oat species. Therefore, einkorn and oats were identified as the species the most sensitive to high temperatures during the germination period in cool-climate cereals. The germination percentages of the genotypes at 35 °C varied between 0.0% and 98.3%, and the germination vigor indices varied between 0.0 and 754.3. The emmer and triticale genotypes, which had the highest values, were identified as being the most tolerant of high temperatures. These genotypes are recommended for environments with high soil temperatures at sowing time and can be used as gene sources in relevant breeding programmes.

Özet

Yüksek sıcaklık stresi tahıllarda verimlilik ve kaliteyi olumsuz etkileyen yaygın bir problemdir. Bu araştırmada kaplıca, gernik, makarnalık buğday, ekmeklik buğday, arpa, çavdar, yulaf ve tritikale türlerine ait toplam 16 genotipin yüksek sıcaklıklara (20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 °C) çimlenme tepkileri laboratuvar koşullarında incelenmiştir. Çimlenme özellikleri bakımından türler ve genotipler arasında önemli farklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yüksek sıcaklıklar çimlenme özelliklerini olumsuz etkilemiş, incelenen özellikler bakımından çeşit x sıcaklık interaksiyonları önemli olmuştur. Sıcaklık düzeylerinden 40 ve 45 °C’de hiçbir türde çimlenme olmamış, 35 °C’de ise yalnızca kaplıca ve yulaf türleri çimlenmemiştir. Bu nedenle kaplıca ve yulaf, serin iklim tahılları içerisinde çimlenme dönemindeki yüksek sıcaklıklara en duyarlı türler olarak belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin 35 °C’deki çimlenme yüzdeleri %0.0 ile 98.3, çimlenme güç indeksleri ise 0.0 ile 754.3 arasında değişmiş, en yüksek değerleri ile dikkat çeken gernik ve tritikale genotipleri yüksek sıcaklığa en toleranslı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Toleranslı genotipler, ekim zamanında toprak sıcaklığının yüksek olduğu çevrelere önerilebilir, ilgili ıslah programlarında gen kaynağı olarak kullanılabilir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Öztürk, A., Omar, S. H., Kartay, H. (2026). Effect of High-temperature Stress on Germination Parameters in Cool-climate Cereals. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 41. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.1698506

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (41)

  1. Anonim, 2024. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr (21.04.2025).
  2. AOSA, 1993. Rules for Testing Seeds. Published by: Association of Official Seed Analysts and the Society of Commercial Seed Technologists (SCST). Journal of Seed Technology, 16 (3): 1-113.
  3. Basu, P.S., Chaturvedi, S.K., Gaur, P.M., Mondal, B., Meena, S.K., Das, K., Kumar, V., Tewari, K., Sharma, K. 2022. Physiological mechanisms of tolerance to drought and heat in major pulses for improving yield under stress environments. ‘‘Alınmıştır: Advances in Plant Defense Mechanisms, (ed) Kimatu, J.N., IntechOpen, 1-41. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.106054.
  4. Bhandari, K., Sharma, K.D., Rao, B.H., Siddique, K.H.M., Gaur, P., Agrawal, S.K., Nair, R.M., Nayyar, H. 2017. Temperature sensitivity of food legumes: a physiological insight. Acta Physiol Plant, 39 (68): 1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s11738-017-2361-5
  5. Bojovic, B., 2010. The effects of temperature, length of storage and plant growth regulators on germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Triticale seeds. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq. 24, 2, 1849-1853. doi.org/10.2478/V10133-010-0027-1.
  6. Buriro, M., Oad, F.C., Keerio, M.I., Tunio, S., Gandahi, A.W., Hassan, S.W., Oad, S.M., 2011. Wheat seed germination under the influence of temperature regimes. Sarhad J. Agric. 27, 4, 539-543.
  7. Butler, T.J., Celen, A.E., Webb, S.L., Krstic, D.B., Interrante, S.M., 2017. Germination in cool-season forage grasses under a range of temperatures. Crop Sci. 57: 1725–1731. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.10.0647.
  8. Driedonks, N., Rieu, I., Vriezen, W.H., 2016. Breeding for plant heat tolerance at vegetative and reproductive stages. Plant Reprod, 29: 67-79. doi: 10.1007/s00497-016-0275-9.
  9. Ellis, R.A., Roberts, E.H., 1981. The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9(2): 373-409.
  10. Essemine, J., Ammar, S., Jbir, N., Bouzid, S., 2007. Sensitivity of two wheat specie’s seeds (Triticum durum, variety Karim and Triticum aestivum, variety Salambô) to heat constraint during germination. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 10, 21: 3762-3768.
  11. Fatima, Z., Ahmed, M., Hussain, M., Abbas, G., Ul Allah, S., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, N., Ali, M.A., Sarwar, G., Haque, E., Iqbal, P., Hussain, S., 2020. The fingerprints of climate warming on cereal crops phenology and adaptation options. Scientifics Reports 10:18013. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74740-3.
  12. Gupta, P.C., 1993. Seed vigour testing. ‘‘Alınmıştır: Handbook of Seed Testing. (ed) Agrawal, P.K., New Delhi, 242-249.
  13. Hasan, M.A., Ahmed, J.U., Hossain, T., Hossain, M.M., Ullah, M.A., 2004. Germination characters and seed reserve mobilization during germination of different wheat genotypes under variable temperature regimes. J. Natn. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 32 (3-4): 97-107.
  14. Howarth, C.J. 2005. Genetic improvements of tolerance to high temperature. ‘‘Alınmıştır: Abiotic Stresses: Plant Resistance Through Breeding and Molecular Approaches. (ed) Ashraf. M., Harris. P.J.C., Howarth Press Inc., New York, USA, 277-300.
  15. Huang, B.R., Taylor, H.M., McMichael, B.L., 1991. Growth and development of seminal and crown roots of wheat seedlings as affected by temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany 31, 471-477. doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(91)90046-Q.
  16. Iloh, A.C., Omatta, G., Ogbadu, G.H., Onyenekwe, P.C., 2014. Effects of elevated temperature on seed germination and seedling growth on three cereal crops in Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essays 9, 18: 806-813. doi.org/10.5897/SRE2014.5968.
  17. Jame, Y.W., Cutforth, H.W., 2004. Simulating the effects of temperature and seeding depth on germination and emergence of spring wheat. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124, 207-218. doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.012.
  18. Kader, M.A., 2005. A comparison of seed germination calculation formulae and the associated interpretation of resulting data. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 138: 65-75.
  19. Khaeim, H., Kende, Z., Balla, I., Gyuricza, C., Eser, A., Tarnawa, A., 2022. The Effect of temperature and water stresses on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sustainability 14, 3887. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073887
  20. Khan, A., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, M., Iftikhar Hussain, M., 2021. Rising atmospheric temperature impact on wheat and thermotolerance strategies. Plants, 10 (1), 43. doi.org/10.3390/plants10010043.
  21. Khaskheli, N., Laghari, G.M., Hussain, S., Khaskheli, M.A., Laghari, A.H., Buriro, M., Khanzada, A., Kalhoro, F.A., 2019. Effect of temperature regimes on seed germination and agronomic features at early growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B. 9, 4: 603-616. DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.B.9.4.60316.
  22. Lafond, G.P., Fowler, B.D., 1989. Soil temperature and water content, seeding depth, and simulated rainfall effects on winter wheat emergence. Agron. J. 81: 609-614. doi.org/10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100040012x
  23. Lei, L., Zhu, X., Wang, S., Zhu, M., Carver, B.F., Yan, L., 2013. TaMFT-A1 is associated with seed germination sensitive to temperature in winter wheat. Plos One 8 (9): 1-7. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073330.
  24. Li, Y.F., Wu, Y., Hernandez-Espinosa, N., Pena, R.J., 2013. The influence of drought and heat stress on the expression of end-use quality parameters of common wheat. J Cereal Sci 57(1): 73–78. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.014.
  25. Maestri, E., Klueva, N., Perrotta. C., Gulli, M., Nguyen, H.T., Marmiroli, N. 2002. Molecular genetics of heat tolerance and heat shock proteins in cereals. Plant Mol Biol, 48: 667-681.
  26. Nyachiro, J.M., Clarke, F.R., DePauw, R.M., Knox, R.E., Armstrong, K.C., 2002. Temperature effects on seed germination and expression of seed dormancy in wheat. Euphytica 126: 123–127.
  27. Öztürk, A., Bayram, S., Haliloğlu, K., Aydın, M., Çağlar, Ö., Bulut, S., 2014. Characterization for drought resistance at early stages of wheat genotypes based on survival, coleoptile length, and seedling vigor. Turk J Agric For 38(6): 824-837. doi.org/10.3906/tar-1402-57.
  28. Öztürk, A., Taşkesenligil, B., Haliloğlu, K., Aydın, M., Çağlar, Ö., 2016. Evaluation of bread wheat genotypes for early drought resistance via germination under osmotic stress, cell membrane damage and paraquat tolerance. Turk. J. Agric. For., 40(2): 146-159. doi.org/10.3906/tar-1501-136.
  29. Porter, J.R., Gawith, M., 1999. Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy 10 (1): 23–36. doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1.
  30. Raza, A., Razzaq, A., Mehmood, S.S., Zou, X., Zhang, X., Lv, Y., Xu, J., 2019. Impact of climate change on crops adaptation and strategies to tackle its outcome: A review. Plants, 8(2), 34. doi.org/10.3390/plants8020034.
  31. Rebetzke, G.J., Richards, R.A., Fischer, V.M., Mickelson, B., 1999. Breeding long coleoptile, reduced height wheats. Euphytica 106: 159–168.
  32. Riedesel, L., Ma, D., Piepho, H.P., Laidig, F., Möller, M., Golla, B., Kautz, T., Feike, T., 2024. Climate change induced heat and drought stress hamper climate change mitigation in German cereal production. Field Crops Research, 317, 109551. doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109551.
  33. RStudio Team, 2020. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/. Sesiz, U., 2024. The changes in coleoptile length and root system architecture during wheat polyploidization. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8(1):168-182. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10826058.
  34. Sharma, S., Singh, V., Tanwar, H., Mor, V.S., Kumar, M., Punia, R.C., Dalal, M.S., Khan, M., Sangwan, S., Bhuker, A., Dagar, C.S., Yashveer, S., Singh, J. 2022. Impact of high temperature on germination, seedling growth and enzymatic activity of wheat. Agriculture, 12(9):1500. doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091500.
  35. Sikder, S., Paul, N.K., 2010. Study of influence of temperature regimes on germination characteristics and seed reserves mobilization in wheat. African J. Plant Sci. 4(10): 401-408.
  36. Singh, N.T., Dhaliwal, G.S., 1972. Effect of soil temperature on seedling emergence in different crops. Plant and Soil 37, 441-444.
  37. Sita, K., Sehgal, A., Hanumantha Rao, B., Nair, R.M., Vara Prasad, P.V., Kumar, S., Gaur, P.M., Farooq, M., Siddique, K.H.M., Varshney, R.K., Nayyar, H., 2017. Food legumes and rising temperatures: Effects, adaptive functional mechanisms specific to reproductive growth stage and strategies to improve heat tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 1-30. doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01658
  38. Tarnawa, A., Kende, Z., Sghaier, A.H., Kovacs, G.P., Gyuricza, C., 2023. Khaeim, H. Effect of abiotic stresses from drought, temperature, and density on germination and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plants 12(9, 1792. doi.org/10.3390/plants12091792.
  39. Tribouillois, H., Dürr, C., Demilly, D., Wagner, M.H., Justes. E., 2016. Determination of germination response to temperature and water potential for a wide range of cover crop species and related functional groups. Plos One 11(8): 1-16. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161185.
  40. Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R., 2007. Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 61(3): 199-223. doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.05.011.
  41. Watt, M.S., Bloomberg, M., 2012. Key features of the seed germination response to high temperatures. The New Phytologist 196(2): 332-336.