Journals / Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

What Do Turkish Language Teachers Think About Reading Difficulties?

Türkçe Öğretmenleri Okuma Güçlüğü Hakkında Ne Düşünüyor?

Mehmet Gürbüz(UŞAK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, ÖZEL EĞİTİM BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-2811-9946
Gamze Efe(UŞAK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-7591-8591
Pages
1824–1846
Publication Date
2026-08-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

According to the results of the study, it was determined that teachers mostly used open-ended questions and multiple-choice tests to assess reading skills.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of this study is to reveal the views of Turkish language teachers on reading difficulties.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study group of the research consists of 30 Turkish language teachers.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:According to the results of the study, it was determined that teachers mostly used open-ended questions and multiple-choice tests to assess reading skills.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:okuma · okuma güçlüğü · türkçe öğretmenleri

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal the views of Turkish language teachers on reading difficulties. Case study, which is among qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The study group of the research consists of 30 Turkish language teachers. The study data were collected through a semi-structured interview form and analyzed by content analysis. The themes of reading skills assessment methods, characteristics of students with reading difficulties, intervention methods and recommendations were reached. According to the results of the study, it was determined that teachers mostly used open-ended questions and multiple-choice tests to assess reading skills. Among the characteristics of students with reading difficulties, teachers stated that they read slowly and make many mistakes, have difficulty in making sense of what they read, and have low self-confidence and reluctance towards reading activities. When the intervention methods used by the teachers for students with reading difficulties were examined, they stated that they carried out individual studies, took into account the level of the student while preparing materials, asked for expert help, and used paired and echo reading methods. It was revealed that the most frequently expressed suggestions of the teachers were that students with reading difficulties should be identified at the earliest possible period through early screening and that parents and teachers should be given training about reading difficulties.

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkçe öğretmenlerinin okuma güçlüğüne ilişkin görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemleri arasında yer alan durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 30 Türkçe öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu yoluyla toplanmış ve içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmada okuma becerisini değerlendirme yöntemleri, okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin özellikleri ve okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilere yönelik müdahale önerileri temalarına ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre öğretmenlerin en fazla açık uçlu soruları ve çoktan seçmeli testleri kullanarak okuma becerilerini değerlendirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Öğretmenler okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin özellikleri arasında yavaş ve fazla sayıda hata yaparak okuduklarını, okuduklarını anlamlandırmada güçlük yaşadıklarını, okuma etkinliklerine yönelik düşük özgüvene ve isteksizliğe sahip olduklarını belirtmişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilere yönelik gerçekleştirdikleri müdahale yöntemleri incelendiğinde bireysel çalışmalar yaptıkları, materyal hazırlarken öğrenci seviyesini dikkate aldıklarını, uzman yardımı istediklerini, eşli ve eko okuma yöntemlerini kullandıklarını dile getirmişlerdir. Öğretmenlerin en fazla dile getirdikleri önerilerin ise okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin erken dönemde yapılacak taramalarla olabilecek en erken dönemde tespit edilmesi gerektiği, ebeveynlere ve öğretmenlere okuma güçlüğü hakkında eğitimler verilmesi gerektiği olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

🔖

Cite This Article

Gürbüz, M., Efe, G. (2026). What Do Turkish Language Teachers Think About Reading Difficulties?. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 1824–1846. https://doi.org/10.51460/baebd.1833368

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (99)

  1. Akın, E. ve Çeçen, M. A. (2014). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin okuma stratejileri üstbilişsel farkındalık düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi (Muş-Bulanık örneği). Turkish Studies, 9(8), 91-110.
  2. Akyol, H., Gedik, O. ve Turna, C. (2024). Akıcı okumayı geliştirme: Bir eylem araştırması. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 138-150. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1385810
  3. Akyol, H. ve Kodan, H. (2016). Okuma güçlüğünün giderilmesine yönelik bir uygulama: Akıcı okuma stratejilerinin kullanımı. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(2), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.35.2.1
  4. Allinder, R. M., Dunse, L., Brunken, C. D., & Obermiller-Krolikowski, H. J. (2001). Improving fluency in at-risk readers and students with learning disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 22(1), 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193250102200106
  5. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). 5th Edition, American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  6. Ateş, S., Yıldırım, K., & Yıldız, M. (2010). Opinions of classroom teachers and prospective classroom teachers about the learning difficulties encountered in the teaching process of reading and writing. Elementary Education Online, 9(1), 44-51.
  7. Babacan, K., & Yıldız, M. (2022). The effect of the reader’s theatre on reading fluency and reading comprehension skills of 4th grade primary school students. Journal of Education and Future, 22, 57-68. http://doi.org/10.30786/jef.930648
  8. Baht, P., Griffin, C. C., & Sindelar, P. T. (2003). Phonological awareness instruction for middle school students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 26(2), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.2307/1593591
  9. Balcı, E. (2019). Disleksi hakkında öğretmen görüşleri ve karşılaştıkları sorunlar. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 20(1), 162-179. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.453922
  10. Baydık, B. (2002). Okuma güçlüğü olan ve olmayan çocukların sözcük okuma becerilerinin karşılaştırılması (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  11. Bryant, D. P., Vaughn, S., Linan-Thompson, S., Ugel, N., Hamff, A., & Hougen, M. (2000). Reading outcomes for students with and without reading disabilities in general education middle-school content area classes. Learning Disability Quarterly, 23(4), 238-252. https://doi.org/10.2307/1511347
  12. Biancarosa, C., & Snow, C. E. (2006). Reading next—A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy: A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.
  13. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (11. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  14. Cahill, M. A., & Gregory, A. E. (2011). Putting the fun back into fluency instruction. The Reading Teacher, 65(2), 127-131. http://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01018
  15. Calet, N., Gutierrez-Palma, N., & Defior, S. (2017). Effects of fluency training on reading competence in primary school children: The role of prosody. Learning and Instruction, 55, 59-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.learnnistruc.2017.04.006
  16. Chan, L. K. S. (1996). Combined strategy and attributional training for seventh grade average and poor readers. Journal of Research in Reading, 19(2), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.1996.tb00092.x
  17. Collins, L. W., Cook, S. E. C., Ninci, J., & Weingrad, I. (2023). The effects of repeated reading on fluency for students with and at risk for EBD: An evidence-based review. Behavioral Disorders, 49(1), 46-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/01987429231199668
  18. Çarkıt, C. ve Sur, E. (2023). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin okuma bozukluklarına yönelik görüş ve uygulamaları. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 12(2), 430-442. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.1206402
  19. Di Folco, C., Guez, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2021). Epidemiology of reading disability: A comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. Scientific Studies of Reading, 26(4), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2021.1998067
  20. Dadandı, İ. ve Urfalı Dadandı, P. (2015). Özgül öğrenme güçlüğü olan öğrencilerin bulunduğu sınıflarda derse giren Türkçe öğretmenlerinin yaşadıkları sorunlara ilişkin görüşleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 5(5), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2015.028
  21. Deniz, K. ve Keray Dinçel, B. (2019). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin anlama becerilerinde ölçme ve değerlendirmeye yönelik görüşleri. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(1), 28-64. https://doi.org/10.16916/aded.448811
  22. Denton, C. A., & Vaughn, S. (2008). Reading and writing intervention for older students with disabilities: Possibilities and challenges. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 23, 61-62.
  23. Dessemontet, R. S., Geyer, M., Linder, A-L., Atzemian, M., Martinet, C., Meuli, N., Audrin, C., & de Chambrier, A-F. (2024). Effects of shared text reading for students with intellectual disability: A meta-analytical review of instructional strategies. Educational Research Review, 44(100615). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2024.100615
  24. Doğan, B. (2013). Türkçe ve sınıf öğretmenlerinin okuma güçlüğüne ilişkin bilgileri ve okuma güçlüğü olan öğrencileri belirleyebilme düzeyleri. Okuma Yazma Eğitimi Araştırmaları, 1(1), 20-33.
  25. Ecalle, J., Dujardin, E., Gomes, C., Cros, C., & Magnan, A. (2021). Decoding, fluency and reading comprehension: Examining the nature of their relationships in a large-scale study with first graders. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 37(5), 444-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2020.1846007
  26. Epçaçan, C. (2018). Okuma ve anlama becerilerinin öğretim sürecine etkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. Turkish Studies, 13(19), 615-630
  27. Fang, Z. (2006). The language demands of science reading in middle school. International Journal of Science Education, 28(5), 491-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500339092
  28. Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., & Jenkins, J. R. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532799XSSR0503_3
  29. Gardill, M. C., & Jitendra, A. K. (1999). Advanced story map instruction: Effects on the reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities. The Journal of Special Education, 33(1), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246699903300101
  30. Gersten, R., Fuchs, L. S., Williams, J. P., & Baker, S. (2001). Teaching reading comprehension strategies to students with learning disabilities: A review of research. Review of Educational Research, 71(2), 279-320. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543071002
  31. Greene, J. F. (1998). Another chance. American Educator, 22(1,2), 74-79.
  32. Güldenoğlu, B. (2016). The effects of syllable-awareness skills on the word-reading performances of students reading in a transparent orthography. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 8(3), 425-442.
  33. Güldenoğlu, B., Kargın, T. ve Ergül, C. (2016). Sesbilgisel farkındalık becerilerinin okuma ve okuduğunu anlama üzerindeki etkisi: Boylamsal bir çalışma. İlköğretim Online, 15(1), 251-272.
  34. Güldenoğlu, İ. B., Kargın, T. ve Miller, P. (2012). İyi ve zayıf okuyucuların kelime işlemleme ve okuduğunu anlama becerilerinin karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12(4), 2807-2828.
  35. Güldenoğlu, B., Kargin, T. ve Miller, P. (2015). Okuma güçlüğü olan ve olmayan öğrencilerin cümle anlama becerilerinin incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 30(76), 82-96.
  36. Hapstak, J., & Tracey, D. H. (2007). Effects of assisted-repeated reading on students of varying reading ability: A single-subjects experimental research study. Reading Horizons, 47(4), 315-334.
  37. Henry, M. (1993). The role of decoding in reading research and instruction. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01027479
  38. Hudson, R. F., Lane, H. B., & Pullen, P. C. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why and how? The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 702-714. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.8.1
  39. Hudson, R. F., Pullen, P. C., Lane, H. B., & Torgesen, J. K. (2008). The complex nature of reading fluency: A multidimensional view. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 25(1), 4-32. http://doi.org/10.1080/10573560802491208
  40. İskender, H., Yiğit, F. ve Bektaş, R. (2015). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin özel alan yeterliliklerine yönelik görüşlerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 4(1), 305-327.
  41. Jitendra, A., & Gajria, M. (2011). Reading comprehension instruction for students with learning disabilities. Focus on Exceptional Children, 43(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17161/foec.v43i8.6690
  42. Kana, F., Geçgel, H., & Bayraktar, P. (2023). Turkish teachers’ awareness about dyslexia and the problems experienced by students with dyslexia in Turkish education. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 38(3), 302-316. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2023.495
  43. Karadüz, A. (2009). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin ölçme ve değerlendirme uygulamalarının “yapılandırmacı öğrenme” kavramı bağlamında eleştirisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 189-210.
  44. Karagül, S. (2017). Türkçe eğitiminde proje tabanlı öğrenme yöntemiyle desteklenen basamaklı öğretim programının öğrencilerin okuma ve yazma becerilerine etkisi (Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  45. Karatay, H. ve Dilekçi, A. (2019). Türkçe öğretmenlerinin dil becerilerini ölçme ve değerlendirme yeterlikleri. Milli Eğitim, 48(1), 685-716.
  46. Kargın, T., Güldenoğlu, B. ve Alatlı, R. (2023). Okuma güçlüğü olan ve olmayan okuyucuların okuma performanslarının okumanın bileşenleri açısından gelişimsel olarak incelenmesi. Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 68-105. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.1177181
  47. Kim, Y. S. G. (2015). Developmental, component-based model of reading fluency: An investigation of predictors of word-reading fluency, text reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Reading Research Quarterly, 50(4), 459-481. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.107
  48. Kim, Y. S. G., Quinn, J. M., & Petscher, Y. (2021). What is text reading fluency and is it a predictor or an outcome of reading comprehension? A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 57(5), 718-732. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev001167
  49. Klauda, L. S., & Guthrie, J. T. (2008). Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(2), 310-321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.2.310
  50. Kuruoğlu, G. ve Şen, N. (2019). Okuma güçlüğü yaşayan ortaokul öğrencilerine uygulanan hızlandırılmış okuma eğitiminin etkisi. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 47, 36-45.
  51. LaBerge, D., & Samuels, J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6(2), 293-323.
  52. Lagae, L. (2008). Learning disabilities: Definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 55, 1259-1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2008.08.001
  53. Lee, J., & Zentall, S. S. (2012). Reading motivational differences among groups: Reading disability (RD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), RD + ADHD, and typical comparison. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(6), 778-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.05.010
  54. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
  55. Lovett, M. W. (1987). A developmental approach to reading disability: Accuracy and speed criteria of normal and deficient reading skill. Child Development, 58, 234-260.
  56. Lovett, M. W., Lacerenza, L., De Palma, M., Benson, N. J., Steinbach, K. A., & Frijters, J. C. (2008). Preparing teachers to remediate reading disabilities in high school: What is needed for effective professional development? Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(4), 1083-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.10.005
  57. Maltepe, S. (2011). Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının özel alan yeterliliklerine sahip olma durumlarına ilişkin görüşleri. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 6(2), 1868-1877.
  58. Mattison, R. E. (2008). Characteristic of reading disability types in middle school students classified ED. Behavioral Disorders, 34(1), 27-41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43153799
  59. Meisinger, E. B., Bloom, J. S., & Hynd, G. W. (2010). Reading fluency: Implications for the assessment of children with reading disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 60, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-009-0031-z
  60. Melekoğlu, M. A. (2011). Impact of motivation to read on reading gains for struggling readers with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 34(4), 248-261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731948711421761
  61. Melekoğlu, M. A., & Wilkerson, K. L. (2013). Motivation to read: How does it change for struggling readers with and without disabilities? International Journal of Instruction, 6(1), 77-88.
  62. Mercer, C. D., Campbell, K. U., Miller, M. D., Mercer, K. D., & Lane, H. B. (2000). Effects of a reading fluency intervention for middle schoolers with specific learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 15(4), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1207/SLDRP1504_2
  63. Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Josey-Bass.
  64. Merriam, S. B. (2015). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (Çev. S. Turan). Nobel Yayınevi.
  65. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (1994). An expanded source book qualitative data analysis. London: Sage.
  66. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2024). Ortaokul Türkçe dersi öğretim programı Türkiye yüzyılı maarif modeli. Ankara.
  67. Moreau, L. (2011). Who’s really struggling? Middle school teachers’ perceptions of struggling readers (Unpublished master thesis). University of Victoria, Victoria.
  68. Morris, D., Ervin, C., & Conrad, K. (1999). A case study of middle school reading disability. The Reading Teacher, 49(5), 368-377.
  69. Morris, R. D., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Lyon, G. R., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L., Francis, D. J., &
  70. Shaywitz, B. A. (1998). Subtypes of reading disability: Variability around a phonological core. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(3), 347-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.90.3.347
  71. National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), Reading Assessments, various years. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
  72. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2000). Report of the national reading panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  73. Nicholson, T. (1999). Reading comprehension process. In Thompshon, G. B.; Nicholson, T., Ed. Learning to read: Beyond phonics and whole language. Teachers College Press.
  74. Paige, D. D. (2011). “That Sounded Good!”: Using whole-class choral reading to improve fluency. The Reading Teacher, 64, 435-438. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.64.6.5
  75. Passadelli, A. S., Klonari, A., Michalakis, V. I., & Vaitis, M. (2020). Geography teachers’ knowledge of and perceptions on dyslexia. Education Sciences, 10(278), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/edusci10100278
  76. Peng, P., Wang, W., Filderman, M. J., Zhang, W., & Lin, L. (2024). The active ingredient in reading comprehension strategy intervention for struggling readers: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 94(2), 228-267. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543231171345
  77. Pikulski, J. J., & Chard, D. J. (2005). Fluency: Bridge between decoding and reading comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 58(6), 510-519. https://doi.org/10.1598/RT.58.6.2
  78. Podhajski, B., Mather, N., Nathan, J., & Sammons, J. (2009). Professional development in scientifically based reading instruction: Teacher knowledge and reading outcomes. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(5), 403-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219409338737
  79. Rasinski, T. V. (2004a). Assessing reading fluency. Pacific Resources for Education and Learning.
  80. Rasinski, T. V. (2004b). Creating fluent readers. Educational Leadership, 61(6), 46-51.
  81. Sarıpınar, E. G. ve Erden, G. (2010). Okuma güçlüğünde akademik beceri ve duyusal-motor işlevleri değerlendirme testlerinin kullanılabilirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 25(65), 56-66.
  82. Schwanenflugel, P. J., Meisinger, E. B., Wisenbaker, J. M., Kuhn, M. R., Strauss, G. P., & Morris, R. D. (2006). Becoming a fluent and automatic reader in the early elementary school years. Reading Research Quarterly, 41(4), 496-522. https://doi.org/10.1598/RRQ.41.4.4
  83. Scott, T. M., & Shearer-Lingo, A. (2002). The effect of reading fluency instruction of the academic and behavioral success of middle school students in a shelf-contained EBD classroom. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 46(4), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10459880209604417
  84. Shankweiler, D., Lundquist, E., Katz, L., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Brady, S., Fowler, A., Dreyer, L. G., Marchione, K. E., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1999). Comprehension and decoding: Patterns of association in children with reading difficulties. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3(1), 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532799xssr0301_4
  85. Shaywitz, S. E., Gruen, J. R., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2007). Management of dyslexia, its rationale, and underlying neurobiology. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 54, 609-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.013
  86. Speece, D. L., & Ritchey, K. D. (2005). A longitudinal study of the development of oral reading fluency in young children at risk for reading failure. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(5), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222194050380050201
  87. Stevens, R. J., Slavin, R. E., & Farnish, A. M. (1991). The effects of cooperative learning and direct instruction in reading comprehension strategies on main idea identification. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.1.8
  88. Turpie, J. J., & Paratore, J. R. (1994, 30 Kasım-3 Aralık). Using repeated reading to promote reading success in a heterogeneously grouped first grade [Conference presentation]. National Reading Conference, San Diego, CA, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED381774.pdf
  89. Vallecorsa, A. L., & deBettencourt, L. U. (1997). Using a mapping procedure to teach reading and writing skills to middle grade students with learning disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 20(2), 173-188.
  90. Valleley, R. J., & Shriver, M. D. (2003). An examination of the effects of repeated readings with secondary students. Journal of Behavioral Education, 12(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/1053-0819/03/0300-0055/0
  91. Vaughn, S., & Barnes, M. A. (2023). Reading comprehension for students with reading disabilities: Progress and challenges. Learning and Individual Differences, 102, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102258
  92. Vaughn, S., Cirino, P. T., Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Fletcher, J. M., Denton, C. D., Barth, A., Romain, M., & Francis, D. J. (2010). Response to intervention for middle school students with reading difficulties: Effects of a primary and secondary intervention. School Psychology Review, 39, 3-21.
  93. Vaughn, S., Wanzek, J., Wexler, J., Barth, A., Cirino, P. T., Fletcher, J., Romain, M., Denton, C. A., Roberts, G., &
  94. Francis, D. (2010). The relative effects of group size on reading progress of older students with reading difficulties. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23(8), 931-956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-009-9183-9
  95. Veerabudren, S., Kritzinger, A., & Ramasawmy, S. T. (2021). Teachers’ perspectives on learners with reading and writing difficulties in mainstream government primary schools in Mauritius. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 11(1), a1023. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v11i1.1023.
  96. Villiger, C., Hauri, S., Tettenborn, A., Hartmann, E., Näpflin, C., Hugener, I., & Niggli, A. (2019). Effectiveness of an extracurricular program for struggling readers: A comparative study with parent tutors and volunteer tutors. Learning and Instruction, 60, 54–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.11.004
  97. Wei, Y., Spear-Swerling, L., & Mercurio, M. (2020). Motivating students with learning disabilities to read. Intervention in School and Clinic, 56(3), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451220928956
  98. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  99. Young, C., Pearce, D., Gomez, J., Christensen, R., Pletcher, B., & Fleming, K. (2017). Read two impress and the neurological impress method: Effects on elementary students’ reading fluency, comprehension, and attitude. The Journal of Educational Research, 111(6), 657-665. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2017.1393650