Journals / Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

The effect of waste boron addition on material properties in gray cast iron production

Gri dökme demir üretiminde atık bor ilavesinin malzeme özelliklerine etkisi

Pages
1289–1298
Publication Date
2026-07-20
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Therefore, careful control of scrap composition is critical for quality consistency in cast iron production.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Boron is generally considered a residual element in the foundry industry and is mostly transferred to liquid metal via steel scrap.
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Key Findings & Data:Even in trace amounts, it can significantly alter the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of cast irons.
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Conclusion & Impact:Therefore, careful control of scrap composition is critical for quality consistency in cast iron production.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Bor · EN-GJL-300 · gri dökme demir

Abstract

Boron is generally considered a residual element in the foundry industry and is mostly transferred to liquid metal via steel scrap. Even in trace amounts, it can significantly alter the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of cast irons. Previous studies in the literature are pointed out that increasing boron content leads to a loss of strength in both grey cast iron and ductile cast iron. In this study, the effects of boron addition in EN-GJL-300 grey cast iron material were systematically investigated by adding boron oxide (B₂O₃) and boron carbide (B₄C). In the experimental studies, B₂O₃ was added to the charge in powder and pellet form at quantities of 0.4 g, 1.2 g, 4 g, 8 g, and 16 g respectively; B₄C was added at a quantity of 40 g. Standard tensile specimens were prepared from all castings and subjected to mechanical testing. The literature reports a hardness value of approximately 217 HB for EN-GJL-300. However, in this study, significant decreases in hardness values were observed with boron addition. On the other hand hardness reduced to 192 HB levels by addition of B₄C, resulting in a decrease of over 10%. The most notable decrease in tensile and yield strength values was observed with the addition of 4 g B₂O₃, recording losses exceeding 20%. In contrast, the B₄C addition had a more limited effect, with the decrease in strength values remaining below 10%. Microstructure examinations also supported the mechanical test results, revealing changes in graphite morphology and matrix structure with boron addition. The results revealed that boron negatively affected the mechanical performance of EN-GJL-300 grey cast iron even at low levels. Therefore, careful control of scrap composition is critical for quality consistency in cast iron production.

Özet

Bor, döküm sanayinde genellikle artık element olarak kabul edilmekte ve çoğunlukla çelik hurdası aracılığıyla sıvı metale geçmektedir. Eser miktarlarda bile bulunduğunda, dökme demirlerin mikroyapısını ve mekanik davranışlarını önemli ölçüde değiştirebilmektedir. Literatürde artan bor miktarının hem gri dökme demirde hem de küresel grafitli dökme demirde mukavemet kaybına yol açtığı belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, EN-GJL-300 gri dökme demir malzemesinde bor katkısının etkileri, bor oksit (B₂O₃) ve bor karbür (B₄C) ilavesiyle sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalarda B₂O₃, toz ve pelet formda 0,4 g, 1,2 g, 4 g, 8 g ve 16 g miktarlarında; B₄C ise 40 g miktarında şarja eklenmiştir. Tüm dökümlerden standart çekme numuneleri hazırlanarak mekanik testler uygulanmıştır. Literatürde EN-GJL-300 için sertlik değeri yaklaşık 217 HB olarak verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise bor katkısı ile sertlik değerlerinde belirgin düşüşler tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle B₄C katkısı sertliği 192 HB seviyelerine indirerek %10’un üzerinde azalma oluşturmuştur. Çekme ve akma dayanımı değerlerinde en dikkat çekici düşüş, 4 g B₂O₃ ilavesinde gözlenmiş ve bu değerlerde %20’yi aşan kayıplar kaydedilmiştir. Buna karşılık B₄C katkısı daha sınırlı bir etki göstermiş ve dayanım değerlerindeki düşüş %10’un altında kalmıştır. Mikroyapı incelemeleri de mekanik test sonuçlarını desteklemiş, bor ilavesiyle grafit morfolojisinin ve matris yapısının değiştiği görülmüştür. Sonuçlar, borun düşük seviyelerde dahi EN-GJL-300 gri dökme demirin mekanik performansını olumsuz yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu nedenle, hurda kompozisyonunun dikkatle kontrol edilmesi, dökme demir üretiminde kalite sürekliliği açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.

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Cite This Article

Koparan, M., Kaya, M. S., Ocaktan, M. C. (2026). The effect of waste boron addition on material properties in gray cast iron production. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 1289–1298. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1800738

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