SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Investigation of the effect of dead state temperatures on engine performance for a phthalocyanine-gasoline blend fuel in an internal combustion engine

İçten yanmalı bir motorda ftalosiyanin -benzin karışımı bir yakıt için ölü hâl sıcaklıklarının motor performansına etkisinin incelenmesi

İrfan Uçkan(YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-3679-5661
Ahmet Yakın(VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6716-2811
Beyza Cabir(VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-4735-4511
Pages
1011–1024
Publication Date
2026-07-20
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings revealed that the PG25 blend containing 25% phthalocyanine provided the lowest exergy losses and the highest thermodynamic optimization under all investigated conditions.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this experimental study, the effects of phthalocyanine-added gasoline blends on the thermodynamic performance of a spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engine were investigated using exergy analysis methodology.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The study investigated the effects of changes in Dead State Temperature (T0), which constitutes the main methodological sensitivity of exergy calculations, on engine performance, such as the exergy change in the exhaust gases and exergy losses in the engine under the newly formulated phthalocyanine-added fuel sequence (B100, PG5, PG15, PG25).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings revealed that the PG25 blend containing 25% phthalocyanine provided the lowest exergy losses and the highest thermodynamic optimization under all investigated conditions.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:: Ekserji · Ftalosiyanin · Alternatif yakıtlar

Abstract

In this experimental study, the effects of phthalocyanine-added gasoline blends on the thermodynamic performance of a spark-ignition (SI) internal combustion engine were investigated using exergy analysis methodology. The study investigated the effects of changes in Dead State Temperature (T0), which constitutes the main methodological sensitivity of exergy calculations, on engine performance, such as the exergy change in the exhaust gases and exergy losses in the engine under the newly formulated phthalocyanine-added fuel sequence (B100, PG5, PG15, PG25). Experiments were conducted at 2200 rpm, and the results of increasing T0 values from 273 K to 298 K were analyzed. The findings revealed that the PG25 blend containing 25% phthalocyanine provided the lowest exergy losses and the highest thermodynamic optimization under all investigated conditions. The exergy destruction rate of PG25 is approximately 42% lower than that of pure gasoline B100 at 273 K (13.57 kW versus 9.55 kW), demonstrating that the additive effectively reduces irreversibilities in the combustion process. From a methodological perspective, an increase in T0 reduces the exergy of the combustion products (N₂, O₂, and H₂O), while the exergies of CO and CO2 increase. In conclusion, it was determined that the phthalocyanine additive, especially at the PG25 concentration, significantly improves the exergetic performance of the internal combustion engine compared to pure gasoline, offering promising potential for sustainable engine optimization.

Özet

Bu deneysel çalışmada, Ftalosiyanin katkılı benzin karışımlarının kıvılcım ateşlemeli (SI) bir içten yanmalı motorun termodinamik performansı üzerindeki etkileri, Ekserji analizi metodolojisi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma, ekserji hesaplamalarının temel metodolojik hassasiyetini oluşturan Ölü Hâl Sıcaklığındaki (T0) değişimlerin, yeni formüle edilen Ftalosiyanin katkılı yakıt dizisi (B100, PG5, PG15, PG25) altındaki egzoz gazlarındaki ekserji değişim, motordaki ekserji kayıpları gibi motor performansı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Deneyler 2200 dev/dak motor hızında gerçekleştirilmiş ve T0 değerlerinin 273 K'den 298 K'ye yükseltilmesinin sonuçları analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, %25 Ftalosiyanin içeren PG25 karışımının, incelenen tüm koşullarda en düşük ekserji kayıplarını ve en yüksek termodinamik optimizasyonu sağladığını ortaya koymuştur. PG25'in ekserji yıkım oranı, saf benzin B100'e göre 273 K'de yaklaşık %42 daha düşüktür (9.55 kW'a karşılık 13,57 kW), bu da katkı maddesinin yanma sürecindeki tersinmezlikleri etkili bir şekilde azalttığını göstermektedir. Metodolojik açıdan, T0'da ki artış, yanma ürünlerinin (N₂, O₂, H₂O) ekserjisini düşürürken CO ve CO2’nin ekserjilerinde artış meydana gelmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Ftalosiyanin katkısının, özellikle PG25 konsantrasyonunda, içten yanmalı motorun ekserjetik performansını saf benzine kıyasla önemli ölçüde iyileştirdiği ve sürdürülebilir motor optimizasyonları için umut verici bir potansiyel taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Uçkan, İ., Yakın, A., Cabir, B. (2026). Investigation of the effect of dead state temperatures on engine performance for a phthalocyanine-gasoline blend fuel in an internal combustion engine. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 1011–1024. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1830857

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (33)

  1. Shokri S., Alizadeh M.S., Avam A. Multi-objective optimization model to design air-cooled heat exchangers using economic and exergy analyses, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 174, 110878, 2026.
  2. Monforte C.G., Lete A., Marias F., AbregoJ., Arauzo J. Energy, exergy and mass balances of a biomass pyrolysis pilot plant, Energy Conversion and Management, 353, 121154, 2026.
  3. HanY., Feng L., Fu Z., Sui J., Feng H., Qian H. Exergy analysis of a solar PV/T heat pump system based on ground-level solar radiation. Energy, 341, 139482, 2025.
  4. Dai Z., Xiang J., Qin S., Zhang H. Study on irreversibility in an ejector with zeotropic mixtures using direct entropy analysis method, International Journal of Refrigeration, 183, 108-122, 2026.
  5. Mamadou A.F.I., Vargas J.V.C., Sanya S.A.O., Pitz D.B., Sanoussi B.R., Idrissou M.O.K., Ordonez J.C., Systemic thermodynamic optimization and optimal control of irreversible single-effect absorption refrigeration system based on linear programing method, Applied Thermal Engineering, 285, 129353, 2026.
  6. Taniguchi, H., Mouri, T., Nakahara, H., Arai, M. Exergy analysis on combustion and energy conversion processes, Energy, 30 (2), 111–117, 2005.
  7. Song, J., Song. H.H. Analytical approach to the exergy destruction and the simple expansion work potential in the constant internal energy and volume combustion process. Energies, 13 (2), 395, 2020.
  8. Ismail, N., Abdullah, S., Mazlan, A., Mustafa, M. Entropy generation and exergy analysis of premixed fuel‑air combustion in micro porous media burner. Entropy, 22 (10), 1104, 2020.
  9. Erol, M., Gülcan, Ö. Energy, exergy, greenhouse gas emission impact and economic analysis of a water-cooled diesel engine running on different proportions of waste cooking oil biodiesel, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 12 (3), 145–158, 2025.
  10. Baltacıoğlu, E., Arat, A., & Kenanoğlu, A. Exergy and performance analysis of a CI engine fuelled with HCNG gaseous fuel enriched biodiesel. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 36 (4), 211–223, 2017.
  11. Rakopoulos, C. D., Rakopoulos, D. C., Kosmadakis, G., Giakoumis, E. G., Kyritsis, D. Exergy analysis in highly hydrogen‑enriched methane fueled spark‑ignition engine at diverse equivalence ratios. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 49 (15), 6789–6803, 2024.
  12. Dogan B., Çelik M., Bayındırlı C., Erol D. Exergy, exergoeconomic, and sustainability analyses of a diesel engine using biodiesel fuel blends containing nanoparticles., 127278, 2023.
  13. Venu H, Kiong TS, Soudagar MEM, Razali NM, Ramesh S, Fouad Y, et al. A comprehensive combustion, performance, and environmental analyses of algae biofuel, hydrogen gas, and nano-sized particles (liquid-gas-solid mix) in agricultural CRDI engines. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 73, 839–55, 2024.
  14. Chetia B, Debbarma S, Das B. An experimental investigation of hydrogen-enriched and nanoparticle blended waste cooking biodiesel on diesel engine. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 49, 23–37, 2024.
  15. Yüksel T., İzgi A., Experimental investigation of the effects of nanofluid utilization at different engine speeds, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (1), 17–28, 2024.
  16. Sürer E., Solmaz H., Yılmaz E., Calam A., İpci, D., Investigation of the effects of carbon nanotube addition to diesel–biodiesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University., 38 (2), 1055–1064, 2023.
  17. Norouzi, N., Kavousi, A., Elhami, M. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Internal Combustion Engine under Different Ambient Conditions. International Journal of Combustion and Cleaner Energy, 1 (1), 25 34, 2021.
  18. Ertesvåg, I. S. Exergy calculations based on a fixed standard reference environment vs. the actual ambient conditions: Gas turbine and fuel cell examples. International Journal of Exergy, 16 (2), 239 261, 2015.
  19. Çalışkan, H., Tat, M. E., Hepbaşlı, A. Performance assessment of an internal combustion engine at varying dead (reference) state temperatures. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29 (16), 3431–3436, 2009.
  20. Uçkan, İ., Yakın, A., Behçet, R. Investigation of the effect of dead-state temperature on the performance of boron-added fuels and different fuels used in an internal combustion engine. Heat Transfer Research, 55 (12), 19–38, 2024.
  21. Rosen, M. A., Dincer, I. Effect of varying dead state properties on energy and exergy analyses of thermal systems. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 43 (2), 121–133, 2004.
  22. Sezer, İ. Exergetic evaluation of speed and load effects in spark ignition engines. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 67 (3), 389–399, 2012.
  23. Bhatti, S. S., Verma, S., Tyagi, S. K. Energy and exergy-based performance evaluation of variable compression ratio spark ignition engine based on experimental work. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 9, 332-339, 2019.
  24. Luo D., Li L.,Chen H., Li X. Zhiguang Bao a,c, Zhenhua Ji., Thermoelectric waste heat recovery in different internal combustion engine vehicles: A comparative analysis of energy, exergy and economic, Applied Thermal Engineering, 280 128407, 2025.
  25. Pozzato, G., Rizzo, D., Onori, S. Mean-value exergy modeling of internal combustion engines: Characterization of feasible operating regions. J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control., 144 (6), 061009, 2022.
  26. Catona, P. A., Ghamarian, M., Blatnik, S. A. Exergy destruction during the combustion process as functions of operating and design parameters for a spark-ignition engine. Energy, 123, 168–180, 2017.
  27. Yakın A., Cabir B. Effects of adding phthalocyanine to gasoline fuel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in spark ignition engine. Heat Transfer Research, 55-14, 33-46, 2024.
  28. Kotas, T. J. The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis. Krieger Publishing Company, 1995.
  29. Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A., Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development, Newnes, 2013.
  30. Khoobbakht G. Akram A., Karimi M., Najafi G., Exergy and Energy Analysis of Combustion of Blended Levels of Biodiesel, Ethanol and Diesel Fuel in a DI Diesel Engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, 99, 720–729, 2016.
  31. Halis, S., & Doğan, B. Effects of intake air temperature on energy, exergy and sustainability analyses in an RCCI engine fueled with iso-propanol and n-heptane. Energy, 283, 129264, 2023.
  32. Doğan, B., Özer, S., Erol, D. Exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenviroeconomic evaluations of the use of diesel/fusel oil blends in compression ignition engines. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, 102475, 2022.
  33. Yesilyurt, M.K. The examination of a compression-ignition engine powered by peanut oil biodiesel and diesel fuel in terms of energetic and exergetic performance parameters, Fuel 2020, 278, 118319, 2020.