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Journals / Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2

Robust sliding mode control strategy for virtual synchronous machine-based grid-forming inverters compliant with GC0137 standard

Sanal senkron makine tabanlı şebeke oluşturan invertör için GC0137 standardına uyumlu gürbüz kayan kipli kontrol stratejisi

Mohammed Zaki(Kerkük Üniversitesi)0000-0002-1036-1585
Haluk Gözde(Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii)0000-0003-3661-0794
M. Cengiz Taplamacıoğlu(GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5283-8866
Pages
755–770
Publication Date
2026-07-20
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The analysis results show that the proposed SMC strategy provides superior performance compared to conventional proportional-integral (PI) control in both transient and steady-state conditions, exhibiting a high level of compliance with the tests and requirements specified in the GC0137 standard.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The transition to net-zero energy systems has led to a fundamental transformation of the electricity grid.
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Key Findings & Data:As traditional large-scale synchronous generators (SGs) are replaced by inverter-based resources (IBRs), the shift to an IBR-dominated grid has significantly altered operational dynamics.
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Conclusion & Impact:The analysis results show that the proposed SMC strategy provides superior performance compared to conventional proportional-integral (PI) control in both transient and steady-state conditions, exhibiting a high level of compliance with the tests and requirements specified in the GC0137 standard.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:GFM IBR · VSM-tabanlı GFM · frekans kontrolü

Abstract

The transition to net-zero energy systems has led to a fundamental transformation of the electricity grid. As traditional large-scale synchronous generators (SGs) are replaced by inverter-based resources (IBRs), the shift to an IBR-dominated grid has significantly altered operational dynamics. Furthermore, the inherent uncertainties in renewable energy resource (RES) generation such as solar, wind and battery storage cause fluctuations in frequency and voltage, negatively affecting system stability. Therefore, Grid-forming inverters (GFMIs) are garnering increasing attention in both academic and industrial spheres due to their intrinsic capabilities in synchronization and creating independent voltage sources. For the seamless and secure integration of GFM-IBRs into modern power systems, strict adherence to grid codes under both normal and abnormal operation conditions is paramount. GC0137 is a grid code amendment that defines the minimum technical specifications for Great Britain Grid Forming Inverter (GBGF-I) capability. This study proposes a sliding mode control (SMC) strategy developed for GFM inverters in accordance with the GC0137 grid code standard. Simulations conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink Simscape™ Electrical environment demonstrate that SMC offers high resilience to extreme frequency deviations and a high rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), alongside improved recovery capabilities. Specifically, compared to PI control, SMC improved the response time by approximately 13% (0.136 s → 0.118 s) and the rise time by 18% (0.17 s → 0.14 s). Furthermore, it contributed to safer system operation by reducing the maximum overshoot to a limited extent (from 21.2% to 20.3%) and enabled faster suppression of oscillations by increasing the damping ratio (from 0.443 to 0.453). The analysis results show that the proposed SMC strategy provides superior performance compared to conventional proportional-integral (PI) control in both transient and steady-state conditions, exhibiting a high level of compliance with the tests and requirements specified in the GC0137 standard.

Özet

Net sıfır enerji sistemlerine geçiş, elektrik şebekesinde köklü bir dönüşüme yol açmıştır. Geleneksel büyük ölçekli senkron jeneratörlerin yerini invertör tabanlı kaynaklar (Inverter-Based Resources - IBR) alırken, IBR ağırlıklı bir şebekeye geçiş, şebekenin çalışma dinamiklerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Ayrıca, güneş, rüzgâr ve batarya depolaması gibi yenilenebilir enerji (Renewable Energy Resource – RES) üretimdeki belirsizlikler frekans ve gerilimde dalgalanmalara neden olarak sistem kararlılığını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, şebeke oluşturan invertörler (Grid-Forming inverter - GFMI), senkronizasyon ve bağımsız voltaj kaynakları oluşturma yetenekleri sayesinde giderek akademik ve endüstriyel düzeyde daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. GFM-IBR’lerin modern güç sistemlerine sorunsuz ve güvenli bir şekilde entegrasyonu için, şebeke kodlarına hem normal hem de olağanüstü koşullarda sıkı uyum sağlanması büyük önem arz etmektedir. GC0137, Büyük Britanya Şebeke Oluşturan İnvertör (Great Britain Grid Forming Inverter – GBGF-I) yetkinliğine ilişkin asgari teknik özellikleri tanımlayan bir şebeke kodu değişikliğidir. Bu çalışma, GFM invertörler için GC0137 şebeke koduna uygun olarak geliştirilen kayan kipli kontrol (Sliding Mode Control - SMC) stratejisini önermektedir. MATLAB/Simulink Simscape™ Electrical ortamında yapılan simülasyonlar, SMC'nin aşırı frekans değişimlerine ve frekans değişim hızına (Rate of Change of Frequency – RoCoF) karşı yüksek dayanıklılık ve daha iyi toparlanma sağladığını göstermektedir. Özellikle, PI kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında SMC’nin tepki süresinde yaklaşık %13’lük (0.136 s → 0.118 s), yükselme zamanında ise %18’lik (0.17 s → 0.14 s) bir iyileşme sağladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, maksimum aşımı sınırlı ölçüde azaltarak (%21.2’den %20.3’e) sistemin daha güvenli çalışmasına katkıda bulunmuş ve sönümleme oranını artırarak (0.443’ten 0.453’e) salınımların daha hızlı bastırılmasını mümkün kılmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçları, önerilen SMC stratejisinin hem geçici hem de kararlı durumda geleneksel Oransal-İntegral (PI) kontrolüne kıyasla daha üstün performans sunduğunu ve GC0137 standardında belirtilen testlere ve gereksinimlere yüksek düzeyde uyum sağladığını göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Zaki, M., Gözde, H., Taplamacıoğlu, M. C. (2026). Robust sliding mode control strategy for virtual synchronous machine-based grid-forming inverters compliant with GC0137 standard. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 755–770. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1776667

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