SADÎ ŞİRAZÎ’NİN BOSTAN VE GÜLİSTAN ESERLERİNİN YÖNETİMSEL AÇIDAN İNCELENMESİ

AN ANALYSIS OF SADİ-İ ŞİRAZÎ’S WORKS TITLED BOSTAN AND GÜLİSTAN FROM A GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE

Özet

Sadî Şirazî, Fars edebiyatının en önemli isimlerindendir. Şirazî'nin mesnevi tarzında yazdığı 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan' edebî açıdan güçlü bir eserdir. Hikmeti temel alan konuları anlatan bu eser, Türk eğitim tarihi açısından önemli kaynaklardandır. Şirazî çeşitli yerleri dolaşmış, gözlemler yapmış ve gördüklerini bu iki esere aktarmıştır. Yaptığı seyahatler, düşüncelerini evrensel bir boyuta taşımıştır. Düşüncelerinde evrensel İslamî özellikler taşıyan Şirazî, riyakâr sofulara da şiddetle karşı çıkar. Büyük bir insan ve tabiat sevgisiyle dolu olan Şirazi, yazdığı bu iki eserde özellikle hoşgörüyü anlattığı öykülere yer vermektedir. 13. yüzyılda yazılmış olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan'daki öykülerin, verdiği mesajlar açısından geçerliliğini koruduğunu görmekteyiz. Türkçe, Almanca ve İngilizce gibi pek çok dile çevrilmiş olan bu eserler, çeşitli konularda araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiştir. Edebî açıdan da değerli olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan', İslam coğrafyasında çok okunmuş, özellikle Gülistan, Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, pek çok hikmetli, ahlâkî, eğitici nitelikler taşıyan ve Türk eğitim tarihinde, önemli bir yere sahip olan 'Bostan' ve 'Gülistan' yönetimsel açıdan incelenmiştir. Eserler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve yönetimsel açıdan verilen mesajlar, iyi bir devlet yöneticisinin sahip olması gereken özellikler, cümle veya paragraflarla örneklendirilmiştir. Şirazî, bu iki eserde, iyi bir yöneticinin taşıması gereken özelliklerin başında hoşgörü ve insan sevgisinin geldiğini vurgular

Abstract

Sadî Şirazî is among the leading names of Persian literature. Especially ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ written by Sirazi in Mesnevi style are two powerful works in the literary sense. This work, which is about wisdom, is among the literature resources that are important in terms of Turkish educational history. Şirazi travelled many places, made observations and reflected his observations to these two works. His travel experiences have carried his ideas to a universal level. With universal Islamic elements in his works, Şirazî strongly antagonizes hypocrite ascetics. Filled with a huge love for humans and nature, Sirazi has integrated stories to these two works, whereby he talks about his ideas about tolerance and his humanitarian ideology. We see that the stories featured in works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’, which were written in the 13th century, are still relevant in terms of the messages they convey. These works, which have been translated into numerous languages including Turkish, German and English, have attracted the attention of researchers in many aspects. ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which are very valuable in the literary sense as well, had a very big audience in the Islamic geography and was used as a textbook especially in madrasahs of Gulistan and Ottoman Empire. In this study, ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which has a significant place in Turkish education history and carry numerous educatory and moral elements, have been analyzed from a governance perspective. The works were reviewed by the authors using descriptive analysis and messages conveyed in terms of governance, qualifications of an ideal state governor were exemplified using sentences or paragraphs. In these two works, Sirazi emphasizes that two main qualifications that a good governor should possess are mainly tolerance and love for humans.Sadî Şirazî is among the leading names of Persian literature. Especially ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ written by Sirazi in Mesnevi style are two powerful works in the literary sense. This work, which is about wisdom, is among the literature resources that are important in terms of Turkish educational history. Şirazi travelled many places, made observations and reflected his observations to these two works. His travel experiences have carried his ideas to a universal level. With universal Islamic elements in his works, Şirazî strongly criticizes hypocrite ascetics. Filled with a huge love for humans and nature, Sirazi has integrated stories to these two works, whereby he talks about his ideas about tolerance and his humanitarian ideology. We see that the stories featured in works entitled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’, which were written in the 13th century, are still relevant in terms of the messages they convey. These works, which have been translated into numerous languages including Turkish, German and English, have attracted the attention of researchers in many aspects. ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which are very valuable in the literary sense as well, had a very big audience in the Islamic geography and was used as a textbook especially in madrasahs of Gulistan and Ottoman Empire. In this study, ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gülistan’ which has a significant place in Turkish education history and carry numerous educatory and moral elements, have been analyzed from a governance perspective. The works were reviewed by the authors using descriptive analysis and messages conveyed in terms of governance. The qualifications of an ideal state governor were exemplified throughout sentences or paragraphs. In these two works, Sirazi emphasizes that two main qualifications that a good governor should possess are mainly tolerance and love for humans. Sadî is known as the pioneer of a new genre in Iranian poetry. Sadi has a perfect phraseology and his style, which is seemingly simple, actually cannot be duplicated.The first tendency in Islam literature, towards covering the human element, and discussing the existence of man in the universe and aiming to better understand man, is observed for the first time in Sadi’s poems. With an approach that carries the traces of Islamic Sufism, he shows mankind various paths leading to maturity. Sadi’s first well-known work ‘Bostan’ was written in Mesnevi style. In this work, which reflects the notion of Islamic Sufism, virtues such as love, openheartedness and humbleness that make humans human were praised. In this work Sadi also makes important recommendations in terms of governance. He describes clearly and with a very effective tongue, the qualifications of ideal state governance and state leader. It is observed that these works written in the 13th century carry elements of classical literature both in terms of subjects covered and in terms of their applicability to contemporary world. The purpose of this study is to analyze Siraz’s expressions related state governance in his works titled ‘Bostan’ and ‘Gulistan’ as well as the related tales. In these works, Sirazi gives important messages regarding the duties of a state leader in terms of ensuring welfare and peace for the people under the reign of that state. Qualities of ideal state leaders are outlined as follows in these tales. It is noted that the state leader should be humanitarian in order to ensure happiness and peace among his people. This quality is one of the qualities that a state leader should possess in accordance with the theory of human relations. Human relations theory emphasizes human-human relations and brings to the forefront, the importance that state leaders place on the psychological and sociological needs of people living under their governance (Aktan, 1999). It demonstrates the punitive qualities of autocratic leaders by which they punish people under their authority. Here we observe the typical quality of autocratic leaders, which is unjust punishment. Besides, some quotes from these works show examples that demonstrate the democratic qualities of the state leader. In his tales, Sirazi emphasizes the fact that a