Effects of the emergency control measures in Beijing on air quality improvement

Amaç & Hipotez:Emergency air pollution control measures were successfully implemented in Beijing many times, such as duringthe Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference in 2014 and the Red Alert (RA) in 2015.

📊

Temel Bulgular & Veri:During APEC and RA, source apportionment oforganic carbon (OC) was conducted using chemical mass balance receptor model (CMB) with organic tracers toreveal $PM_{2.5}$ source reductions caused by control measures.

💡

Sonuç & Katkı:So wind speed should beconsidered before the selection of anthropogenic control measures.

🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon

📍Kapsam:2014 Verileri

⚙️Değişkenler:Alan Parametreleri

Özet

Emergency air pollution control measures were successfully implemented in Beijing many times, such as duringthe Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference in 2014 and the Red Alert (RA) in 2015. Given that airquality was largely affected by wind speed, the efficiency of control measures and wind speed must be quantifiedto adjust the control measures under different wind speeds. During APEC and RA, source apportionment oforganic carbon (OC) was conducted using chemical mass balance receptor model (CMB) with organic tracers toreveal $PM_{2.5}$ source reductions caused by control measures. In the APEC control period, mobile sources contribution to organic carbon (OC) and dust contribution to $PM_{2.5}$ decreased from 3.7 μg/$m^3$ (63.7%) to 3.3 μg/$m^3$(38.8%) and from 5.1 μg/$m^3$ (16.6%) to 3.8 μg/$m^3$ (6.9%), respectively. For the RA day, coal combustion sourcecontribution to OC decreased from 11.3 μg/$m^3$(53.2%) to 2.3 μg/$m^3$ (6.2%), while mobile sources contributionchanged from 8.9 μg/$m^3$ (41.7%) to 14.7 μg/$m^3$ (40.3%). These data suggest that the vehicle restriction rule wasnot truly implemented. Control measures should be announced in advance to achieve the expected result. Inaddition, the effectiveness of control measures would decrease with the increase of wind speed, and the criticalwind speeds for sustaining an excellent $PM_{2.5}$ level (35 μg/$m^3$) and daily $PM_{2.5}$ concentration standard of China(75 μg/$m^3$) were determined by a power function as 11 km/h and 7 km/h, respectively. So wind speed should beconsidered before the selection of anthropogenic control measures.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

TIAN, J., CAI, T., SHANG, J., SCHAUER, J. J., YANG, S., ZHANG, L., ZHANG, Y. (2019). Effects of the emergency control measures in Beijing on air quality improvement. Atmospheric Pollution Research, Cilt: 10 - Sayı: 2, 580–586. https://ajindex.com/articles/351467

Kaynakça (11)

Apte, J.S., Marshall, J.D., Cohen, A.J., Brauer, M., 2015. Addressing global mortality from ambient pm2. 5. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 8057–8066.
Batterman, S., Xu, L., Chen, F., Chen, F., Zhong, X., 2016. Characteristics of pm 2.5 concentrations across beijing during 2013–2015. Atmos. Environ. 145, 104–114.
Baumgartner, J., Zhang, Y.X., Schauer, J.J., Huang, W., Wang, Y.Q., Ezzati, M., 2014. Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 111. pp. 13229–13234.
Brunekreef, B., Harrison, R.M., Künzli, N., Querol, X., Sutton, M.A., Heederik, D.J., Sigsgaard, T., 2015. Reducing the health effect of particles from agriculture. Lancet Respir. Med. 3, 831–832.
Cai, T., Schauer, J.J., Huang, W., Fang, D., Shang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., 2016a. Sensitivity of source apportionment results to mobile source profiles. Environ. Pollut. 219, 821–828.
Cai, T., Zhang, Y., Fang, D., Shang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., 2017b. Chinese vehicle emissions characteristic testing with small sample size: results and comparison. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 8, 154–163.
Cesaroni, G., Badaloni, C., Gariazzo, C., Stafoggia, M., Sozzi, R., Davoli, M., Forastiere, F., 2013. Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of more than a million adults in rome. Environ. Health Perspect. 121, 324–331.
Chan, C.K., Yao, X., 2008. Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmos. Environ. 42, 1–42.
Chang, Y., Liu, X., Deng, C., Dore, A.J., Zhuang, G., 2016. Source apportionment of atmospheric ammonia before, during, and after the 2014 apec summit in beijing using stable nitrogen isotope signatures. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 11635–11647.
Chen, C., Sun, Y., Xu, W., Du, W., Zhou, L., Han, T., Wang, Q., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Gao, Z., 2015. Characteristics and sources of submicron aerosols above the urban canopy (260 m) in beijing, China, during the 2014 apec summit. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15 (12) 879- 812,895. Dewan, N., Wang, Y.-Q., Zhang, Y.-X., Zhang, Y., He, L.-Y., Huang, X.-F., Majestic, B.J., 2016. Effect of pollution controls on atmospheric pm2. 5 composition during universiade in shenzhen, China. Atmosphere 7, 57. Franklin, M., Zeka, A., Schwartz, J., 2007. Association between pm2. 5 and all-cause and specific-cause mortality in 27 us communities. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 17, 279–287.
Gao, B., Yu, Y., Zhou, H., Lu, J., 2012. Accumulation and