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Dergiler / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Acil servis çalışanlarının merhamet yorgunluğu ve şiddete maruz kalma durumlarının belirlenmesi

Determining the compassion fatigue and exposure to violence among emergency department workers

Suzan Havlioğlu(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-5593-5688
Fatma Ersin(HARRAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-7851-8625
Hale Aktürk(Şanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi)0009-0000-4909-5889
Sayfa
354–364
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-30
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgular: Katılımcıların %95,9’u sözel, %33,3’ü fiziksel, %89,8’i psikolojik şiddete maruz kaldığını belirtmiştir.

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Amaç & Hipotez:Amaç: Bu çalışma, acil serviste görev yapan sağlık çalışanlarının şiddete maruz kalma durumlarını ve merhamet yorgunluğu düzeylerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı nitelikteki araştırma, 20-30 Haziran 2025 tarihlerinde bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinde yapılmıştır.
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Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular: Katılımcıların %95,9’u sözel, %33,3’ü fiziksel, %89,8’i psikolojik şiddete maruz kaldığını belirtmiştir.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:2025 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Acil Servis · Merhamet Yorgunluğu · Şiddet

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, acil serviste görev yapan sağlık çalışanlarının şiddete maruz kalma durumlarını ve merhamet yorgunluğu düzeylerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı nitelikteki araştırma, 20-30 Haziran 2025 tarihlerinde bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya, acil serviste görev yapan toplam 147 sağlık çalışanı dahil edilmiştir. Veri toplamak için sosyodemografik bilgi formu ve Merhamet Yorgunluğu Kısa Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Katılımcıların %95,9’u sözel, %33,3’ü fiziksel, %89,8’i psikolojik şiddete maruz kaldığını belirtmiştir. Sözel şiddet, en çok hasta yakını (%97,9) ve hasta (%78,6) kaynaklıdır. Merhamet yorgunluğu puan ortalaması: 63,12 ± 27,13, ikincil travma alt boyutu: 22,18 ± 10,91, mesleki tükenmişlik alt boyutu: 40,93 ± 17,69 bulunmuştur. Kadınlar, ikincil travma alt boyutunda daha yüksek puan almıştır (p<0,05). Sözel şiddete maruz kalanlar, çalışma koşullarından memnun olmayanlar ve yasal olarak korunmadığını düşünenlerin ikinci travma alt boyutu, mesleki tükenmişlik alt boyutu ve merhamet yorgunluğu puanları anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksektir (p<0,05). Sonuç: Acil serviste görevli sağlık çalışanlarının merhamet yorgunluğu orta düzeydedir. Özellikle sözel şiddet, merhamet yorgunluğunu anlamlı şekilde artırmaktadır. İşyeri şiddetinin önlenmesi amacıyla yasal düzenlemelerin güçlendirilmesi, kurumsal düzeyde yapısal önlemlerin alınması ve güvenlik uygulamalarının artırılması önerilmektedir. Buna ek olarak, sağlık kurumlarının çalışanlara yönelik psikososyal destek mekanizmaları ve profesyonel danışmanlık hizmetleri sunması, çalışanların iyilik hali açısından fayda sağlayabilir. REFERENCES Acar, G., & Sağbaş, M. (2025). The relatıonshıp between qualıty of work lıfe, ıntentıon to mıgrate abroad and vıolence ın healthcare workers. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration, 28(1), 113–26. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1505681 Avcı, A., Çavuşoğlu, E., Moran, M., & Gün, M. (2022). The relationship between compassion fatigue and job satisfaction of nurses who give care to patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Eurasian Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.997016 Çağatay, S., & Yılmaz, F. (2024). Can compassion fatigue in healthcare workers be overcome with cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience? Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 26(3), 1129–1143. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1197928 Chen, M., Xie, H., Liao, X., & Ni, J. (2024). Workplace violence and turnover intention among Chinese nurses: The mediating role of compassion fatigue and the moderating role of psychological resilience. BMC Public Health, 24, 2437. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19964-y Choi, S. H., & Lee, H. (2017). Workplace violence against nurses in Korea and its impact on professional quality of life and turnover intention. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(7), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12488 Dığın, F., Kızılcık Özkan, Z., & Düzgün Şahin, A. (2022). Determining the relationship between compassion fatigue of surgical nurses and care behaviors. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1055157 Dinç, S., & Ekinci, M. (2019). Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of Compassion Fatigue Short Scale. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 11, 192–202. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.590616 Eğici, M. T., & Öztürk, G. Z. (2018). Violence against healthcare workers in the light of white code data. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(2), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.436537 Esen, H., & Aykal, G. (2020). Assessment of violence in health institutions: The case of training and research hospital. Health Care Academician Journal, 7(1), 1–9. Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10090 Güdük, Ö., Özaydın, Ö., & Vural, A. (2022). Examination of the level of compassion in nurses and nursing students. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 7(20), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7133620 Hiçdurmaz, D., & İnci, F. A. (2015). Compassion fatigue: Description, causes and prevention. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 7(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20141128113430 Hunsaker, S., Chen, H. C., Maughan, D., & Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(2), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12122 Karakurt, P., Fırat, M., & Yıldırım, S. (2022). Determining conscience perception and compassion fatigue among the nurses who worked at pandemic clinics: Sample of city hospital. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 7(16), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.46648/gnj.309 Kim, Y., Lee, E., & Lee, H. (2019). Association between workplace bullying and burnout, professional quality of life, and turnover intention among clinical nurses. PLOS ONE, 14(12), e0226506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226506 Li, J., Qiu, Y., Shang, C., & Yan, F. (2025). The mediating effect of moral distress on workplace violence and compassion fatigue in psychiatric nurses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 57, 151911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2025.151911 Mangoulia, P., Koukia, E., Alevizopoulos, G., Fildissis, G., & Katostaras, T. (2015). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among psychiatric nurses in Greece. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(5), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.06.001 Özan, A. (2019). Determination of compassion and compassion fatigue in intensive care nurses (Master’s thesis). Atatürk University Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum. Özgünay, Ş. E., Eminoğlu, Ş., Önen, S., Gürbüz, H., Kılıçarslan, N., Karasu, D., et al. (2022). Compassion and chronic fatigue in anesthesiologists and intensive care unit workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Anesthesiology Reanimation, 20(3), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.5336/anesthe.2022-88989 Pınar, T., & Pınar, G. (2013). Healthcare workers and workplace violence. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 12(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1368188150 Sacco, T. L., Ciurzynski, S. M., Harvey, M. E., & Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 35(4), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015392 Şahin, Ö., & Yıldırım, E. (2020). Violence against healthcare workers and its causes: University hospital example. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 3(1), 7–14. Şeremet, G. G., & Ekinci, N. (2021). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and fears of compassion in healthcare employees. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 12(29), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.722874 Şirin, M., & Yurttaş, A. (2015). Cost of nursing care: Compassion fatigue. DEUHFED, 8(2), 123–130. Sinclair, S., Raf, S., Venturato, L., Mijovic-Kondejewski, J., & Smith-Macdonald, L. (2017). Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 69, 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003 Smith, P. (2012). Alleviating compassion fatigue before it drags down productivity. Long Term Living. Retrieved from http://www.ltlmagazine.com/article/alleviating-compassion-fatigue-it-drags-downproductivity Song, C., Wang, G., & Wu, H. (2020). Frequency and barriers of reporting workplace violence in nurses: An online survey in China. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.11.006 Stamm, B. H. (2005). The ProQOL manual: The Professional Quality of Life Scale—Compassion satisfaction, burnout & compassion fatigue/secondary trauma scales. Sidran Press. Uslu, E., & Buldukoğlu, K. (2017). Compassion fatigue in psychiatric nursing: A systematic review. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 9(4), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.3108311 Uslu, Y., & Demir Korkmaz, F. (2017). Emotional side of the nurse: Compassion fatigue. Journal of Ege University Nursing Faculty, 33(1), 103–113. Weintraub, A. S., Sarosi, A., Goldberg, E., & Waldman, E. D. (2020). A cross-sectional analysis of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in pediatric hematology-oncology physicians in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 42(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001548 Xie, W., Wang, J., Okoli, C. T. C., He, H., Feng, F., Zhuang, L., et al. (2020). Prevalence and factors of compassion fatigue among Chinese psychiatric nurses: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore), 99(29), e21083. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021083 Yılmaz, G., & Üstün, B. (2018). Professional quality of life in nurses: Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 9(3), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2018.86648 Yılmaz, G., & Üstün, B. (2019). Sociodemographic and professional factors influencing the professional quality of life and post-traumatic growth of oncology nurses. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2019.43255 Yoder, E. A. (2010). Compassion fatigue in nurses. Applied Nursing Research, 23(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2008.09.003 Yu, H., Qiao, A., & Gui, L. (2021). Predictors of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among emergency nurses: A cross-sectional survey. International Emergency Nursing, 55, 100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100961 Yural, B., Acuner, D., & Çevik Akkuş, G. (2024). Investigation of the perceptions of safety and confidence against violence of healthcare professionals. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 11(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.54304/SHYD.2024.02438 Zhang, Y. Y., Han, W. L., Qin, W., Yin, H. X., Zhang, C. F., Kong, C., et al. (2018). Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12589

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the level of exposure to violence and compassion fatigue experienced by healthcare workers in the emergency department. Materials and Method: This descriptive study was conducted at a teaching and research hospital between 20 and 30 June 2025. A total of 147 healthcare workers from the emergency department were included in the study. Data were collected using a sociodemographic information form and the Compassion Fatigue Short Scale. Results: 95.9% of participants reported being exposed to verbal abuse, 33.3% to physical abuse, and 89.8% to psychological abuse. Verbal abuse was most commonly perpetrated by relatives of patients (97.9%) and patients themselves (78.6%). The average compassion fatigue score was 63.12 ± 27.13, the secondary trauma subscale score was 22.18 ± 10.91, and the occupational burnout subscale score was 40.93 ± 17.69. Women scored higher on the secondary trauma subscale (p<0.05). Significantly higher scores were found on the secondary trauma, occupational burnout and compassion fatigue subscales among those exposed to verbal abuse, dissatisfied with their working conditions and feeling that they are not legally protected (p<0.05). Conclusion: Compassion fatigue among healthcare workers in emergency departments is moderate. Verbal abuse in particular significantly increases compassion fatigue. In order to prevent workplace violence, it is recommended that legal regulations are strengthened, structural measures are taken at the institutional level, and security measures are increased. Additionally, providing psychosocial support mechanisms and professional counselling services to employees through health institutions may benefit employee well-being. REFERENCES Acar, G., & Sağbaş, M. (2025). The relatıonshıp between qualıty of work lıfe, ıntentıon to mıgrate abroad and vıolence ın healthcare workers. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration, 28(1), 113–26. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1505681 Avcı, A., Çavuşoğlu, E., Moran, M., & Gün, M. (2022). The relationship between compassion fatigue and job satisfaction of nurses who give care to patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Eurasian Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.997016 Çağatay, S., & Yılmaz, F. (2024). Can compassion fatigue in healthcare workers be overcome with cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience? Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 26(3), 1129–1143. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1197928 Chen, M., Xie, H., Liao, X., & Ni, J. (2024). Workplace violence and turnover intention among Chinese nurses: The mediating role of compassion fatigue and the moderating role of psychological resilience. BMC Public Health, 24, 2437. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19964-y Choi, S. H., & Lee, H. (2017). Workplace violence against nurses in Korea and its impact on professional quality of life and turnover intention. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(7), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12488 Dığın, F., Kızılcık Özkan, Z., & Düzgün Şahin, A. (2022). Determining the relationship between compassion fatigue of surgical nurses and care behaviors. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1055157 Dinç, S., & Ekinci, M. (2019). Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of Compassion Fatigue Short Scale. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 11, 192–202. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.590616 Eğici, M. T., & Öztürk, G. Z. (2018). Violence against healthcare workers in the light of white code data. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(2), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.436537 Esen, H., & Aykal, G. (2020). Assessment of violence in health institutions: The case of training and research hospital. Health Care Academician Journal, 7(1), 1–9. Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(11), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10090 Güdük, Ö., Özaydın, Ö., & Vural, A. (2022). Examination of the level of compassion in nurses and nursing students. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 7(20), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7133620 Hiçdurmaz, D., & İnci, F. A. (2015). Compassion fatigue: Description, causes and prevention. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 7(3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20141128113430 Hunsaker, S., Chen, H. C., Maughan, D., & Heaston, S. (2015). Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(2), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12122 Karakurt, P., Fırat, M., & Yıldırım, S. (2022). Determining conscience perception and compassion fatigue among the nurses who worked at pandemic clinics: Sample of city hospital. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 7(16), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.46648/gnj.309 Kim, Y., Lee, E., & Lee, H. (2019). Association between workplace bullying and burnout, professional quality of life, and turnover intention among clinical nurses. PLOS ONE, 14(12), e0226506. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226506 Li, J., Qiu, Y., Shang, C., & Yan, F. (2025). The mediating effect of moral distress on workplace violence and compassion fatigue in psychiatric nurses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 57, 151911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2025.151911 Mangoulia, P., Koukia, E., Alevizopoulos, G., Fildissis, G., & Katostaras, T. (2015). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among psychiatric nurses in Greece. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(5), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.06.001 Özan, A. (2019). Determination of compassion and compassion fatigue in intensive care nurses (Master’s thesis). Atatürk University Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum. Özgünay, Ş. E., Eminoğlu, Ş., Önen, S., Gürbüz, H., Kılıçarslan, N., Karasu, D., et al. (2022). Compassion and chronic fatigue in anesthesiologists and intensive care unit workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Anesthesiology Reanimation, 20(3), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.5336/anesthe.2022-88989 Pınar, T., & Pınar, G. (2013). Healthcare workers and workplace violence. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 12(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1368188150 Sacco, T. L., Ciurzynski, S. M., Harvey, M. E., & Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 35(4), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015392 Şahin, Ö., & Yıldırım, E. (2020). Violence against healthcare workers and its causes: University hospital example. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 3(1), 7–14. Şeremet, G. G., & Ekinci, N. (2021). Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and fears of compassion in healthcare employees. Süleyman Demirel University Visionary Journal, 12(29), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.722874 Şirin, M., & Yurttaş, A. (2015). Cost of nursing care: Compassion fatigue. DEUHFED, 8(2), 123–130. Sinclair, S., Raf, S., Venturato, L., Mijovic-Kondejewski, J., & Smith-Macdonald, L. (2017). Compassion fatigue: A meta-narrative review of the healthcare literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 69, 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.01.003 Smith, P. (2012). Alleviating compassion fatigue before it drags down productivity. Long Term Living. Retrieved from http://www.ltlmagazine.com/article/alleviating-compassion-fatigue-it-drags-downproductivity Song, C., Wang, G., & Wu, H. (2020). Frequency and barriers of reporting workplace violence in nurses: An online survey in China. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.11.006 Stamm, B. H. (2005). The ProQOL manual: The Professional Quality of Life Scale—Compassion satisfaction, burnout & compassion fatigue/secondary trauma scales. Sidran Press. Uslu, E., & Buldukoğlu, K. (2017). Compassion fatigue in psychiatric nursing: A systematic review. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 9(4), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.3108311 Uslu, Y., & Demir Korkmaz, F. (2017). Emotional side of the nurse: Compassion fatigue. Journal of Ege University Nursing Faculty, 33(1), 103–113. Weintraub, A. S., Sarosi, A., Goldberg, E., & Waldman, E. D. (2020). A cross-sectional analysis of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in pediatric hematology-oncology physicians in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 42(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001548 Xie, W., Wang, J., Okoli, C. T. C., He, H., Feng, F., Zhuang, L., et al. (2020). Prevalence and factors of compassion fatigue among Chinese psychiatric nurses: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore), 99(29), e21083. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021083 Yılmaz, G., & Üstün, B. (2018). Professional quality of life in nurses: Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 9(3), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2018.86648 Yılmaz, G., & Üstün, B. (2019). Sociodemographic and professional factors influencing the professional quality of life and post-traumatic growth of oncology nurses. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2019.43255 Yoder, E. A. (2010). Compassion fatigue in nurses. Applied Nursing Research, 23(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2008.09.003 Yu, H., Qiao, A., & Gui, L. (2021). Predictors of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among emergency nurses: A cross-sectional survey. International Emergency Nursing, 55, 100961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100961 Yural, B., Acuner, D., & Çevik Akkuş, G. (2024). Investigation of the perceptions of safety and confidence against violence of healthcare professionals. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 11(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.54304/SHYD.2024.02438 Zhang, Y. Y., Han, W. L., Qin, W., Yin, H. X., Zhang, C. F., Kong, C., et al. (2018). Extent of compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout in nursing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(7), 810–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12589

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Havlioğlu, S., Ersin, F., Aktürk, H. (2026). Acil servis çalışanlarının merhamet yorgunluğu ve şiddete maruz kalma durumlarının belirlenmesi. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 354–364. https://doi.org/10.52880/sagakaderg.1822784

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Kaynakça (38)

  1. Acar, G., & Sağbaş, M. (2025). The relatıonshıp between qualıty of work lıfe, ıntentıon to mıgrate abroad and vıolence ın healthcare workers. Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration, 28(1), 113–26. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1505681
  2. Avcı, A., Çavuşoğlu, E., Moran, M., & Gün, M. (2022). The relationship between compassion fatigue and job satisfaction of nurses who give care to patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Eurasian Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.53493/avrasyasbd.997016
  3. Chen, M., Xie, H., Liao, X., & Ni, J. (2024). Workplace violence and turnover intention among Chinese nurses: The mediating role of compassion fatigue and the moderating role of psychological resilience. BMC Public Health, 24, 2437. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19964-y
  4. Choi, S. H., & Lee, H. (2017). Workplace violence against nurses in Korea and its impact on professional quality of life and turnover intention. Journal of Nursing Management, 25(7), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12488
  5. Çağatay, S., & Yılmaz, F. (2024). Can compassion fatigue in healthcare workers be overcome with cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience? Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences, 26(3), 1129–1143. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1197928
  6. Dığın, F., Kızılcık Özkan, Z., & Düzgün Şahin, A. (2022). Determining the relationship between compassion fatigue of surgical nurses and care behaviors. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1055157
  7. Dinç, S., & Ekinci, M. (2019). Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of Compassion Fatigue Short Scale. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 11, 192–202. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.590616
  8. Eğici, M. T., & Öztürk, G. Z. (2018). Violence against healthcare workers in the light of white code data. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(2), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.436537
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