KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Türkiye'de Bireylerin Çevre ve Ekonomi Arasında Yaptıkları Tercihte Kişisel Değerlerin Rolü

Individual Values and the Self-assessment of Environment-Economy Trade-off in Turkey

Hüseyin Safa Ünal(BILECIK SEYH EDEBALI UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7841-5685
Sayfa
253–272
Yayın Tarihi
2024-06-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bu bulgular, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için politika müdahalelerinin öncelik vermesi gereken en etkili değerleri tanımlayarak çevre bilincine ilişkin değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de ekonomi yanlısı tutumlara karşılık çevre yanlısı hassasiyeti etkileyen çok yönlü faktörleri aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Dünya Değerler Araştırması'nın yedinci dalgasından (2017-2022) elde edilen veri seti kullanılmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bu bulgular, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için politika müdahalelerinin öncelik vermesi gereken en etkili değerleri tanımlayarak çevre bilincine ilişkin değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
🔬Tür:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Kapsam:2017-2022 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Çevre & Ekonomik Büyüme · Dünya Değerler Araştırması · Lojistik Regresyon

Özet

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de ekonomi yanlısı tutumlara karşılık çevre yanlısı hassasiyeti etkileyen çok yönlü faktörleri aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Dünya Değerler Araştırması'nın yedinci dalgasından (2017-2022) elde edilen veri seti kullanılmıştır. Lojistik regresyon sonuçları, negatif yaş-çevre ilişkisinin dönüm noktasından sonra tersine döndüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Çevre yanlısı tutumlar, gelir ve kentleşme gibi refah göstergelerinin yanı sıra din ve milliyetçilik gibi sosyo-kültürel faktörlerle de karmaşık bir şekilde bağlantılıdır. Eğitim, yüksek gelirli ve kurumsal olarak gelişmiş ülkelerde önemli bir belirleyici olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkiye'de istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olması, Türkiye'deki benzersiz sosyo-kültürel dinamiklerin varlığını ve eğitim sisteminin yetersizliğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, sürdürülebilir kalkınma için politika müdahalelerinin öncelik vermesi gereken en etkili değerleri tanımlayarak çevre bilincine ilişkin değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.

Abstract

This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted factors influencing pro-environmental sentiments in contrast to pro-economic attitudes in Turkey. Utilizing the data set from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey (2017-2022), logistic regression results reveal that the negative age-pro-environment nexus undergoes a reversal after the inflection point. Pro-environmental attitudes are intricately linked with indicators of prosperity, including income and urbanization, as well as socio-cultural factors such as religion and nationalism. While education emerges as a significant determinant in high-income and institutionally developed countries, its statistical insignificance in Turkey highlights unique socio-cultural dynamics and insufficiency of the education system. These findings offer valuable insights into environmental consciousness, identifying the most effective values that policy interventions should prioritize for sustainable development.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Ünal, H. S. (2024). Türkiye'de Bireylerin Çevre ve Ekonomi Arasında Yaptıkları Tercihte Kişisel Değerlerin Rolü. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 253–272. https://ajindex.com/articles/1504267

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (97)

  1. Abramson, P. R., & Inglehart, R. (1995). Value Change in Global Perspective. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  2. Aldrich, J. H., & Nelson, F. D. (1984). Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models (Vols. 07-045). Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
  3. Alp, E., Ertepinar, H., Tekkaya, C., & Yilmaz, A. (2008). A Survey on Turkish Elementary School Students’ Environmental Friendly Behaviours and Associated Variables. Environmental Education Research, 14(2), 129-143. doi:10.1080/13504620802051747
  4. Bentley, J. H. (2013). Environmental Crises in World History. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 77, 108-115. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.067
  5. Berberoglu, G., & Tosunoglu, C. (1995). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses of an Environmental Attitude Scale (EAS) for Turkish University Students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 26(3), 40-43. doi:10.1080/00958964.1995.9941444
  6. Birch, S. (2020). Political Polarization and Environmental Attitudes: A Cross-National Analysis. Environmental Politics, 29(4), 697-718. doi:10.1080/09644016.2019.1673997
  7. Booth, D. E. (2017). Postmaterialism and Support for the Environment in the United States. Society & Natural Resources, 30(11), 1404-1420. doi:10.1080/08941920.2017.1295501
  8. Braudel, F. (1983). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th century Volume II: The Wheels of Commerce. London: Book Club Associates.
  9. Braudel, F. (1985). Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century Volume I: The Structures of Everyday Life. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
  10. Čábelková, I., Smutka, L., Mareš, D., Ortikov, A., & Kontsevaya, S. (2023). Environmental Protection or Economic Growth? The Effects of Preferences for Individual Freedoms. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1129236. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1129236
  11. Chin, Y., De Pretto, L., Thuppil, V., & Ashfold, M. J. (2019). Public Awareness and Support for Environmental Protection—A Focus on Air Pollution in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 14(3), e0212206. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212206
  12. Clapp, B. W. (2013). An Environmental History of Britain Since the Industrial Revolution. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315843827
  13. Çolak, E., & Sunar, F. (2020). Evaluation of Forest Fire Risk in the Mediterranean Turkish Forests: A Case study of Menderes Region, İzmir. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 45, 101479. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101479
  14. Crippa, M., Guizzardi, D., Pagani, F.; Banja, M., Muntean, M., E., Schaaf, Becker, W., Monforti-Ferrario, F., Quadrelli, R., Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli, P., Köykkä, J., Grassi, G., Rossi, S., Brandao De Melo, J., Oom, D., Branco, A., San-Miguel, J., Vignati, E. (2023). GHG Emissions of All World Countries – JRC/IEA 2023 Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2760/953332, JRC134504
  15. De Pretto, L., Acreman, S., Ashfold, M. J., Mohankumar, S. K., & Campos-Arceiz, A. (2015). The Link between Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in Relation to Atmospheric Haze Pollution in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0143655. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143655
  16. DeCanio, S. J. (1997). Economic Modeling and the False Tradeoff between Environmental Protection and Economic Growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(4), 1-122. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1997.tb00485.x
  17. Demaris, A. (1992). Logit modeling: Practical applications (Vols. 07-086). Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
  18. Drews, S., & van den Bergh, J. C. (2016). Public Views on Economic Growth, The Environment and Prosperity: Results of a Questionnaire Survey. Global Environmental Change, 39, 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.001
  19. Dunlap, R. E., Scarce, & Rik. (1991). Poll Trends: Environmental Problems and Protection. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(4), 651-672.
  20. Dunlap, R. E., & Jones, R. E. (2002). Environmental Concern: Conceptual and Measurement Issues. In R. E. Dunlap, & W. Michelson (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Sociology (pp. 482-524). Westport CN: Greenwood Press.
  21. Dunlap, R. E., & McCright, A. M. (2008). A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable, 50(5), 26-35. doi:10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35
  22. Dunlap, R. E., & York, R. (2008). The Globalization of Environmental Concern and The Limits of The Postmaterialist Values Explanation: Evidence from Four Multinational Surveys. The Sociological Quarterly, 49(3), 529-563. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00127.x
  23. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2023). Democracy Index 2022: Frontline Democracy and the Battle for Ukraine. Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved June 01, 2023, from https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/
  24. Egan, P. J., & Mullin, M. (2017). Climate Change: US Public Opinion. Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 209-227. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-022857
  25. Egondi, T., Kyobutungi, C., Ng, N., Muindi, K., Oti, S., Vijver, S. V., Ettarh, R., Rocklöv, J. (2013). Community Perceptions of Air Pollution and Related Health Risks in Nairobi Slums. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(10), 4851-4868. doi:10.3390/ijerph10104851
  26. Ekins, P. (2000). Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth. London: Routledge.
  27. Eom, K., Tok, T. Q., Saad, C. S., & Kim, H. S. (2021). Religion, Environmental Guilt, and Pro-Environmental Support: The Opposing Pathways of Stewardship Belief and Belief in a Controlling God. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78, 101717. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101717
  28. Feiock, R. C., & Stream, C. (2001). Environmental Protection Versus Economic Development: A False Trade-Off? Public Administration Review, 259-382. doi:10.1111/0033-3352.00032open_in_new
  29. Franzen, A. (2003). Environmental Attitudes in International Comparison: An Analysis of the ISSP Surveys 1993 and 2000. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 297-308. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.8402005
  30. Franzen, A., & Meyer, R. (2010). Environmental Attitudes in Cross-National Perspective: A Multilevel Analysis of the ISSP 1993 and 2000. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 219-234. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp018
  31. Freedom House. (2023). Freedom in the World 2023: Marking 50 Years in the Struggle for Democracy. Freedom House. Retrieved June 05, 2023, from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2023/marking-50-years
  32. Gelissen, J. (2007). Explaining Popular Support for Environmental Protection: A Multilevel Analysis of 50 Nations. Environment and Behavior, 39(3), 392-415. doi:10.1177/0013916506292014
  33. Gifford, R., & Nilsson, A. (2014). Personal and Social Factors that Influence Pro-Environmental Concern and Behaviour: A Review. International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 141-157. doi:10.1002/ijop.12034
  34. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic Growth and the Environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. doi:10.2307/2118443
  35. Guber, D. L. (2013). A Cooling Climate for Change? Party Polarization and the Politics of Global Warming. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 93-115. doi:10.1177/0002764212463361
  36. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2003). People's Opium? Religion and Economic Attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 225-282. doi:10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7
  37. Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Hall, J., & Murphy, R. (2021). Economic Freedom of the World: 2021 Annual Report. Fraser Institute. Retrieved July 10, 2023, from https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2021.pdf
  38. Hamilton, L. C. (2011). Education, Politics and Opinions about Climate Change Evidence for Interaction Effects. Climatic Change, 104(2), 231-242. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9957-8
  39. Harring, N., & Sohlberg, J. (2017). The Varying Effects of Left–Right Ideology on Support for the Environment: Evidence from A Swedish Survey Experiment. Environmental Politics, 26(2), 278-300. doi:10.1080/09644016.2016.1244965
  40. Hope, A. L., & Jones, C. R. (2014). The Impact of Religious Faith on Attitudes to Environmental Issues and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies: A Mixed Methods Study. Technology in Society, 38, 48-59. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.02.003
  41. Hughes, J. D. (2011). Ancient Deforestation Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 43-57. doi:10.1007/s10739-010-9247-3
  42. Inglehart, R. (1971). The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies. American Political Science Review, 65(4), 991-1017. doi:10.2307/1953494
  43. Inglehart, R. (1988). The Renaissance of Political Culture. American Political Science Review, 82(4), 1203-1230. doi:10.2307/1961756
  44. Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  45. Inglehart, R. (1995). Public Support for Environmental Protection: Objective Problems and Subjective Values in 43 Societies. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(1), 57-72. doi:10.2307/420583
  46. Inglehart, R., & Abramson, P. R. (1999). Measuring Postmaterialism. American Political Science Review, 93(3), 665-677. doi:10.2307/2585581
  47. Inglehart, R. F. (2008). Changing Values among Western Publics from 1970 to 2006. West European Politics, 31(1-2), 130-146. doi:10.1080/01402380701834747
  48. Inglehart, R., & Abramson, P. R. (1994). Economic Security and Value Change. American Political Science Review, 88(2), 336-354. doi:10.2307/2944708
  49. Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos, M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., Puranen, B. (Eds.). (2022). World Values Survey: All Rounds - Country-Pooled Datafile Dataset Version 3.0.0. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria. doi:10.14281/18241.17
  50. Johnson, T. M., & Grim, B. J. (2023). World Religion Database. (T. M. Johnson, & B. J. Grim, Eds.) Leiden/Boston. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from World Religion Database: https://www.worldreligiondatabase.org/
  51. Jost, J. T., & van der Toorn, J. (2012). System Justification Theory. In P. A. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins, P. A. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume Two (pp. 313-343). London: Sage Publications.
  52. Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, J. (2014). Belief in a Just God (and a Just Society): A System Justification Perspective on Religious Ideology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 34(1), 56-81. doi:10.1037/a0033220
  53. Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., & Hardin, C. D. (2007). Shared Reality, System Justification, and the Relational Basis of Ideological Beliefs. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171-186. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00056.x
  54. Kajsa, E., Johansson, H., & Wennerhag, M. (2020). Frame Disputes or Frame Consensus? “Environment” or “Welfare” First Amongst Climate Strike Protesters. Sustainability, 12(3), 882. doi:10.3390/su12030882
  55. Kanagy, C. L., & Willits, F. K. (1993). A "Greening" of Religion? Some Evidence from a Pennsylvania Sample. Social Science Quarterly, 74(3), 674-683.
  56. Kaplowitz, M. D., Lupi, F., Yeboah, F. K., & Thorp, L. G. (2011). Exploring the Middle Ground between Environmental Protection and Economic Growth. Public Understanding of Science, 22(4), 413-426. doi:10.1177/0963662511424545
  57. Kenny, J. (2020). Economic Conditions and Support for the Prioritisation of Environmental Protection During the Great Recession. Environmental Politics, 29(6), 937-958. doi:10.1080/09644016.2019.1680074
  58. Kim, H.-S., & Lee, Y. (2018). Acceptable Tradeoffs between Economic Growth and Environmental Protection. Working Paper. Retrieved July 01, 2023, from https://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Acceptable-Tradeoffs-between-Economic-Growth-and-Environmental-Protection.pdf
  59. Klineberg, S. L., McKeever, M., & Rothenbach, B. (1998). Demographic Predictors of Environmental Concern: It Does Make a Difference How It's Measured. Social Science Quarterly, 79(4), 734-753.
  60. Kvaløy, B., Finseraas, H., & Listhaug, O. (2012). The Publics’ Concern for Global Warming: A Cross-National Study of 47 Countries. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 11-22. doi:10.1177/0022343311425841
  61. Lewis, G. B., Palm, R., & Feng, B. (2019). Cross-National Variation in Determinants of Climate Change Concern. Environmental Politics, 28(5), 793-821. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1512261
  62. Maddison, A. (2001). The World Economy. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264189980-en.
  63. Marquart-Pyatt, S. T. (2012). Contextual Influences on Environmental Concerns Cross-Nationally: A Multilevel Investigation. 41(5), 1085-1099. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.003
  64. McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public's Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 155-194. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x
  65. McNeill, J. R. (2001). Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
  66. Menard, S. (2002). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis (Vols. 07-106). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
  67. Ministry of National Education. (2023). National Education Statistics: Formal Education 2022/'23. Ankara: Ministry of National Education Strategy Development Presidency. Retrieved January 01, 2024, from https://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/icerik_goruntule.php?KNO=508
  68. Nadeau, R., Lachapelle, E., & Bergeron, T. (2022). Environment versus Economy Policy Preferences: Follow-up Questions Reveal Substantial Heterogeneity within the Environmental Coalition. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 34(4), 1-8. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edac031
  69. Neumayer, E. (2004). The Environment, Left-Wing Political Orientation and Ecological Economics. Ecological Economics, 51(3-4), 167-175. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006
  70. Pampel, F. C. (2000). Logistic Regression: A Primer (Vols. 07-132). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
  71. Qian, X., Xu, G., Li, L., Shen, Y., He, T., Liang, Y., Yang, Z., Zhou, W. W., Xu, J. (2016). Knowledge and perceptions of air pollution in Ningbo, China. BMC Public Health, 16, 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3788-0
  72. Ratter, B. M., Philipp, K. H., & von Storch, H. (2012). Between Hype and Decline: Recent Trends in Public Perception of Climate Change. Environmental Science & Policy, 18, 3-8. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.12.007
  73. Rotko, T., Oglesby, L., Künzli, N., Carrer, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Jantunen, M. (2002). Determinants of Perceived Air Pollution Annoyance and Association Between Annoyance Scores and Air Pollution (PM2.5, NO2) Concentrations in the European EXPOLIS Study. Atmospheric Environment, 36(29), 4593-4602. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00465-X
  74. Runnels, C. N. (1995). Environmental Degradation in Ancient Greece. Scientific American, 272(3), 96-99.
  75. Saniotis, A. (2012). Muslims and Ecology: Fostering Islamic Environmental Ethics. Contemporary Islam, 6(2), 155-171. doi:10.1007/s11562-011-0173-8
  76. Semenza, J. C., Wilson, D. J., Parra, J., Bontempo, B. D., Hart, M., Sailor, D. J., & George, L. A. (2008). Public Perception and Behavior Change in Relationship to Hot Weather and Air Pollution. Environmental Research, 107(3), 401-411. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.005
  77. Stokes, L. C. (2015). Electoral Backlash against Climate Policy: A Natural Experiment on Retrospective Voting and Local Resistance to Public Policy. American Journal of Political Science, 60(4), 958-974. doi:10.1111/ajps.12220
  78. Sudarmadi, S., Suzuki, S., Kawada, T., Netti, H., Soemantri, S., & Tugaswati, A. T. (2001). A Survey of Perception, Knowledge, Awareness, and attitude in Regard to Environmental Problems in a Sample of two Different Social Groups in Jakarta, Indonesia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 3(2), 169-183. doi:10.1023/A:1011633729185
  79. Taskin, O. (2009). The Environmental Attitudes of Turkish Senior High School Students in The Context of Postmaterialism and the New Environmental Paradigm. International Journal of Science Education, 31(4), 481-502. doi:10.1080/09500690701691689
  80. The ARDA. (2023). National/Regional Profiles. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from The Association of Religion Data Archives: https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles
  81. The World Bank. (2023a). GDP (current US$). Retrieved 07 15, 2023, from World Bank Open Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
  82. The World Bank. (2023b). Population, total. Retrieved 07 10, 2023, from World Bank Open Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?view=chart
  83. The World Bank. (2023c). GDP (constant 2015 US$). Retrieved July 10, 2023, from DataBank: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD
  84. The World Bank. (2023d). GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Retrieved June 01, 2023, from DataBank: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
  85. Tranter, B. (2011). Political Divisions over Climate Change and Environmental Issues in Australia. Environmental Politics, 20(1), 78-96. doi:10.1080/09644016.2011.538167
  86. Tuncer, G. (2008). University Students' Perception on Sustainable Development: A Case Study from Turkey. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 17(3), 212-226. doi:10.1080/10382040802168297
  87. Tuncer, G., Ertepinar, H., Tekkaya, C., & Sungur, S. (2005). Environmental Attitudes of Young People in Turkey: Effects of School Type and Gender. Environmental Education Research, 11(2), 215-233. doi:10.1080/1350462042000338379
  88. UNDP. (2022). Human Development Report 2021/2022: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved July 01, 2023, from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf
  89. Van Liere, K. D., & Dunlap, R. E. (1980). The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 181-197. doi:10.1086/268583
  90. Wang, R., Yang, Y., Chen, R., Kan, H., Wu, J., Wang, K.,. Lu, Y. (2015). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Children’s Respiratory Health in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(2), 1834-1848. doi:10.3390/ijerph120201834
  91. Willcox, G. H. (1974). A History of Deforestation as Indicated by Charcoal Analysis of Four Sites in Eastern Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 24, 117-133. doi:10.2307/3642603
  92. Wong, T. K., & Wan, P. (2011). Perceptions and Determinants of Environmental Concern: The Case of Hong Kong and Its Implications for Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development, 19(4), 235-249. doi:10.1002/sd.429
  93. World Values Survey Association. (2018). World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017-2020) Turkey v3.0. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from World Values Survey: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp
  94. Yilmaz, O., Boone, W. J., & Andersen, H. O. (2004). Views of Elementary and Middle School Turkish Students Toward Environmental Issues. International Journal of Science Education, 26(12), 1527-1546. doi:10.1080/0950069042000177280
  95. Zhao, C., Dong, X., & Dong, K. (2023). Renewable Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Economic Growth: The Comparison between EKC and RKC. In M. Shahbaz, D. B. Lorente, R. Sharma, M. Shahbaz, D. B. Lorente, & R. Sharma (Eds.), Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in a Post-pandemic World: New Directions in the Econometrics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (pp. 81-106). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  96. Sudarmadi, S., Suzuki, S., Kawada, T., Netti, H., Soemantri, S., & Tugaswati, A. T. (2001). A Survey of Perception, Knowledge, Awareness, and attitude in Regard to Environmental Problems in a Sample of two Different Social Groups in Jakarta, Indonesia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 3(2), 169-183. doi:10.1023/A:1011633729185
  97. Wang, R., Yang, Y., Chen, R., Kan, H., Wu, J., Wang, K.,. Lu, Y. (2015). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of the Relationship between Air Pollution and Children’s Respiratory Health in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(2), 1834-1848. doi:10.3390/ijerph120201834