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YAPAY TATLANDIRICILARIN VÜCUT AĞIRLIĞI VE İNSÜLİN DİRENCİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Sevinç Eşer Durmaz
Alev Keser
Sayfa
8–15
Yayın Tarihi
2018-06-25
DOI
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Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bu nedenle derleme olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada, günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan, enerji içermeyen tatlandırıcıların obezite ve insülin direnci üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. 

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Dünya genelinde şeker üretimi 19. yüzyıldan bu yana önemli düzeyde artmıştır ve 1950’li yıllarda besinlerde rafine şeker yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Şekerden daha tatlı olmalarının yanı sıra enerji içeriklerinin çok düşük olması ya da olmaması nedeniyle, tatlandırıcıların sağlığı olumlu yönde etkilediği düşünülmektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bu nedenle derleme olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada, günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan, enerji içermeyen tatlandırıcıların obezite ve insülin direnci üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. 
🔬Tür:Literatür & Derleme Çalışması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Yapay tatlandırıcı · vücut ağırlığı · obezite

Özet

Dünya genelinde şeker üretimi 19. yüzyıldan bu yana önemli düzeyde artmıştır ve 1950’li yıllarda besinlerde rafine şeker yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Şekere kıyasla daha az enerji ve daha yoğun tatlı tadı sağlayan tatlandırıcıların, obezitenin önlenmesine ve tedavisine, ideal vücut ağırlığının korunmasına katkı sağladığı, böylece tatlandırıcı tüketimine eğilimin arttığı bildirilmiştir. Şekerden daha tatlı olmalarının yanı sıra enerji içeriklerinin çok düşük olması ya da olmaması nedeniyle, tatlandırıcıların sağlığı olumlu yönde etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar sonucunda tatlandırıcıların, besin tüketim durumuna ve metabolizma üzerine farklı etkilerinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. Uzun süre tatlandırıcı tüketiminin enerji homeostazını ve iştah metabolizmasını etkilediği, yeme isteğini artırdığı, bozulmuş kan glukoz regülasyonuna ve insülin direncine neden olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Ancak tatlandırıcıların özellikle insanlar üzerindeki metabolik etkileri son derece tartışmalıdır. Bu nedenle derleme olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada, günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan, enerji içermeyen tatlandırıcıların obezite ve insülin direnci üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. 

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Durmaz, S. E., Keser, A. (2018). YAPAY TATLANDIRICILARIN VÜCUT AĞIRLIĞI VE İNSÜLİN DİRENCİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 8–15. https://ajindex.com/articles/1486701

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Kaynakça (92)

  1. Giesse JH. Alternative sweeteners and bulking agents. Food Technology. 1993; 1: 114-115, 118, 120-122
  2. Edwards C, Rossi M, Corpe C, Butterworth P, Ellis P. The role of sugars and sweeteners in food, diet and health: Alternatives for the future. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2016; 56: 158-166
  3. Burke M, Small D. Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiology & Behavior. 2015; 152: 381–388
  4. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliği http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/09/20170922-4.htm Erişim tarihi: 17.03.2018 5. U.S FDA. High intensity sweeteners. Güncelleme: 19.12.2017 Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2018
  5. Blundell J, Hill A. Paradoxical effects of an intense sweetener (Aspartame) on appetite. Lancet. 1986; 1: 1092-1093
  6. Rogers P, Carlyle J, Hill A, Blundell J. Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: Comparison of the effects of glucose and three ıntense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. Physiology & Behavior. 1988; 43: 547-555
  7. Swithers S. Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity. Appetite. 2015; 93: 85-90
  8. Tey S, Salleh N, Henry J, Forde C. Effects of aspartame, monk fruit, stevia and sucrose sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity. 2016; 225: 1-21
  9. Blundell J, Green S. Effect of sucrose and sweeteners on appetite and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996; 20: 12–17
  10. Fowler S, Williams K, Resendez R, Hunt K, Hazuda H, Stern M. Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity. 2008; 16: 1894-1900
  11. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 89: 1–14
  12. Blackburn G, Kanders B, Lavin P, Keller S, Whatley J. The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997; 5: 409-418
  13. Raben A, Vasilaras T, Moller A, Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 76: 721–729
  14. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm E, Willett W, Hu F. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; 364: 2392-2404
  15. Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinology Metabolism. 2013; 24:431–441
  16. Swithers S, Laboy A, Clark K, Cooper S, Davidson T. Experience with the high-intensity sweetener saccharin impairs glucose homeostasis and GLP-1 release in rats. Behavioural Brain Research. 2012; 233: 1–14
  17. Pepino M. Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Physiology & Behavior. 2015; 152: 450–455
  18. Ahren B, Holst J. The cephalic insulin response to meal ingestion in humans is dependent on both cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms and is important for postprandial glycemia. Diabetes. 2001; 50: 1030-1038
  19. Pepino M, Tiemann C, Patterson B, Wice B, Klein S. Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 2530–2535
  20. Nakagawa Y, Nagasawa M, Yamada S, Hara A, Mogami H, Nikolaev VO, et al. Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic β-cells activates the calcium and cyclic amp signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion. Plos One. 2009; 4: 1-11
  21. Suez J, Korem T, Zeevi D, Schapira G, Thaiss C, Maza O, et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature. 2014; 000: 1-5
  22. Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas C, Brito-Cordova G, Diaz R, Valentin D, Almeda-Valdes P. Effects of the non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones: Systematic review of observational prospective studies and clinical trials. Plos One. 2016; 11: 1-17
  23. Fernstrom JD. Non-nutritive sweeteners and obesity. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 2015; 6: 119–136
  24. Peters J, Beck J, Cardel M, Wyatt H, Foster G, Pan Z, et al. The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss and weight maintenance: A randomized clinical trial. Obesity. 2016; 24: 297-304
  25. Tordoff M, Alleva A. Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990; 51: 963-969
  26. Koning L, Malik V, Rimm E, Willett W, Hu F. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011; 93: 1321–1327
  27. Vanselow MS, Pereira MA, Neumark Sztainer D, Raatz SK. Adolescent beverage habits and changes in weight over time: findings from Project EAT. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 90: 1489–1495
  28. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 89: 1–14
  29. Manyema M, Veerman L, Chola L, Tugendhaft A, Sartorius B, Labadarios D et al. The potential ımpact of a 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on obesity in South African adults: A mathematical model. Plos One. 2014; 9: 1-10
  30. Tate D, Mcgrievy G, Lyons E, Stevens J, Erickson K, Polzien K et al. Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012; 95: 555–563
  31. Miller P, Perez V. Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 100: 765–777
  32. Stellman S, Garfinkel L. Artificial sweetener use an done year weight change among women. Preventive Medicine. 1986; 15: 195-202
  33. Roberts J. The paradox of artificial sweeteners in managing obesity. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2015; 17: 1
  34. Dyer J, Salmon KSH, Zibrik L, Shirazi Beechey SP. Expression of sweet taste receptors of the T1R family in the intestinal tract and enteroendocrine cells. Biochemical Society Transactions. 2005; 33: 302–305
  35. Jang HJ, Kokrashvili Z, Theodorakis MJ, Carlson OD, Kim BJ, Zhou J et al. Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. PNAS. 2007; 104: 15069–15074
  36. Janssen P, Rotondo A, Mule F, Tack J. Review article: a comparison of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2013; 37: 18–36
  37. Shirazi Beechey SP, Moran AW, Batchelor DJ, Daly K, Alrammahi M. Glucose sensing and signalling; regulation of intestinal glucose transport. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2011; 70: 185–193
  38. Margolskee RF, Dyer J, Kokrashvili Z, Salmon KSH, Ilegems E, Daly K et al. T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na + -glucose cotransporter 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007; 104: 15075-15080
  39. Ludwig DS. Artificially sweetened beverages: cause for concern. JAMA. 2009; 302: 2477–2478
  40. Ebbeling C, Feldman H, Osganian S, Chomitz V, Ellenbogen S, Ludwig D. Effects of decreasing sugar sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics. 2006; 117: 673-680
  41. Malik V, Schulze M, Hu F. Intake of sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006; 84(2): 274–288
  42. Malik V, Popkin B, Bray G, Despres J, Willett W, Hu F. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 2477–2483
  43. Malik V, Hu F. Sweeteners and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: The role of sugar-sweetened beverages. Current Diabetes Reports. 2012; 12: 195–203
  44. Berkey C, Rockett H, Field A, Gillman M, Colditz G. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obesity Research. 2004; 12: 778-788
  45. Kuk JL, Brown RE. Aspartame intake is associated with greater glucose intolerance in individuals with obesity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2016; 41: 795–798
  46. Chia C, Shardell M, Tanaka T, Liu D, Gravenstein K, Simonsick E et al. Chronic low-calorie sweetener use and risk of abdominal obesity among older adults: A cohort study. Plos One. 2016; 11: 1-15
  47. Giesse JH. Alternative sweeteners and bulking agents. Food Technology. 1993; 1: 114-115, 118, 120-122
  48. Edwards C, Rossi M, Corpe C, Butterworth P, Ellis P. The role of sugars and sweeteners in food, diet and health: Alternatives for the future. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2016; 56: 158-166
  49. Burke M, Small D. Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiology & Behavior. 2015; 152: 381–388
  50. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Gıda Katkı Maddeleri Yönetmeliği http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/09/20170922-4.htm Erişim tarihi: 17.03.2018 5. U.S FDA. High intensity sweeteners. Güncelleme: 19.12.2017 Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2018
  51. Blundell J, Hill A. Paradoxical effects of an intense sweetener (Aspartame) on appetite. Lancet. 1986; 1: 1092-1093
  52. Rogers P, Carlyle J, Hill A, Blundell J. Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: Comparison of the effects of glucose and three ıntense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. Physiology & Behavior. 1988; 43: 547-555
  53. Swithers S. Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity. Appetite. 2015; 93: 85-90
  54. Tey S, Salleh N, Henry J, Forde C. Effects of aspartame, monk fruit, stevia and sucrose sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity. 2016; 225: 1-21
  55. Blundell J, Green S. Effect of sucrose and sweeteners on appetite and energy intake. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996; 20: 12–17
  56. Fowler S, Williams K, Resendez R, Hunt K, Hazuda H, Stern M. Fueling the obesity epidemic? Artificially sweetened beverage use and long-term weight gain. Obesity. 2008; 16: 1894-1900
  57. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 89: 1–14
  58. Blackburn G, Kanders B, Lavin P, Keller S, Whatley J. The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997; 5: 409-418
  59. Raben A, Vasilaras T, Moller A, Astrup A. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 76: 721–729
  60. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm E, Willett W, Hu F. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; 364: 2392-2404
  61. Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners produce the counterintuitive effect of inducing metabolic derangements. Trends Endocrinology Metabolism. 2013; 24:431–441
  62. Swithers S, Laboy A, Clark K, Cooper S, Davidson T. Experience with the high-intensity sweetener saccharin impairs glucose homeostasis and GLP-1 release in rats. Behavioural Brain Research. 2012; 233: 1–14
  63. Pepino M. Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Physiology & Behavior. 2015; 152: 450–455
  64. Ahren B, Holst J. The cephalic insulin response to meal ingestion in humans is dependent on both cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms and is important for postprandial glycemia. Diabetes. 2001; 50: 1030-1038
  65. Pepino M, Tiemann C, Patterson B, Wice B, Klein S. Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 2530–2535
  66. Nakagawa Y, Nagasawa M, Yamada S, Hara A, Mogami H, Nikolaev VO, et al. Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic β-cells activates the calcium and cyclic amp signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion. Plos One. 2009; 4: 1-11
  67. Suez J, Korem T, Zeevi D, Schapira G, Thaiss C, Maza O, et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature. 2014; 000: 1-5
  68. Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas C, Brito-Cordova G, Diaz R, Valentin D, Almeda-Valdes P. Effects of the non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose metabolism and appetite regulating hormones: Systematic review of observational prospective studies and clinical trials. Plos One. 2016; 11: 1-17
  69. Fernstrom JD. Non-nutritive sweeteners and obesity. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 2015; 6: 119–136
  70. Peters J, Beck J, Cardel M, Wyatt H, Foster G, Pan Z, et al. The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss and weight maintenance: A randomized clinical trial. Obesity. 2016; 24: 297-304
  71. Tordoff M, Alleva A. Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990; 51: 963-969
  72. Koning L, Malik V, Rimm E, Willett W, Hu F. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2011; 93: 1321–1327
  73. Vanselow MS, Pereira MA, Neumark Sztainer D, Raatz SK. Adolescent beverage habits and changes in weight over time: findings from Project EAT. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 90: 1489–1495
  74. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 89: 1–14
  75. Manyema M, Veerman L, Chola L, Tugendhaft A, Sartorius B, Labadarios D et al. The potential ımpact of a 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on obesity in South African adults: A mathematical model. Plos One. 2014; 9: 1-10
  76. Tate D, Mcgrievy G, Lyons E, Stevens J, Erickson K, Polzien K et al. Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012; 95: 555–563
  77. Miller P, Perez V. Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014; 100: 765–777
  78. Stellman S, Garfinkel L. Artificial sweetener use an done year weight change among women. Preventive Medicine. 1986; 15: 195-202
  79. Roberts J. The paradox of artificial sweeteners in managing obesity. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2015; 17: 1
  80. Dyer J, Salmon KSH, Zibrik L, Shirazi Beechey SP. Expression of sweet taste receptors of the T1R family in the intestinal tract and enteroendocrine cells. Biochemical Society Transactions. 2005; 33: 302–305
  81. Jang HJ, Kokrashvili Z, Theodorakis MJ, Carlson OD, Kim BJ, Zhou J et al. Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. PNAS. 2007; 104: 15069–15074
  82. Janssen P, Rotondo A, Mule F, Tack J. Review article: a comparison of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2013; 37: 18–36
  83. Shirazi Beechey SP, Moran AW, Batchelor DJ, Daly K, Alrammahi M. Glucose sensing and signalling; regulation of intestinal glucose transport. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2011; 70: 185–193
  84. Margolskee RF, Dyer J, Kokrashvili Z, Salmon KSH, Ilegems E, Daly K et al. T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na + -glucose cotransporter 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007; 104: 15075-15080
  85. Ludwig DS. Artificially sweetened beverages: cause for concern. JAMA. 2009; 302: 2477–2478
  86. Ebbeling C, Feldman H, Osganian S, Chomitz V, Ellenbogen S, Ludwig D. Effects of decreasing sugar sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics. 2006; 117: 673-680
  87. Malik V, Schulze M, Hu F. Intake of sugar sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006; 84(2): 274–288
  88. Malik V, Popkin B, Bray G, Despres J, Willett W, Hu F. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 2477–2483
  89. Malik V, Hu F. Sweeteners and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: The role of sugar-sweetened beverages. Current Diabetes Reports. 2012; 12: 195–203
  90. Berkey C, Rockett H, Field A, Gillman M, Colditz G. Sugar-added beverages and adolescent weight change. Obesity Research. 2004; 12: 778-788
  91. Kuk JL, Brown RE. Aspartame intake is associated with greater glucose intolerance in individuals with obesity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2016; 41: 795–798
  92. Chia C, Shardell M, Tanaka T, Liu D, Gravenstein K, Simonsick E et al. Chronic low-calorie sweetener use and risk of abdominal obesity among older adults: A cohort study. Plos One. 2016; 11: 1-15.