Dergiler / AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

İlk Adımdan Özgürleşmeye: Erkek Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sanal Kumar Deneyimleri

From First Click to Breaking Free: Male University Students’ Experiences with Online Gambling

Sayfa
647–687
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-30
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgular, katılımcıların çoğunun sanal kumara 18 yaşından önce, özellikle ortaokul ve lise dönemlerinde başladığını göstermektedir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte sanal kumar giderek yaygınlaşmakta ve özellikle genç erkekler için önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bulgular, katılımcıların çoğunun sanal kumara 18 yaşından önce, özellikle ortaokul ve lise dönemlerinde başladığını göstermektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular doğrultusunda, üniversitelerde öğrencilere finansal destek sağlanması, sanal kumar oyunlarına ilişkin farkındalıklarının artırılması ve sosyal destek ve alternatif boş zaman etkinliklerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik müdahaleler önerilebilir.
🔬Tür:Deneysel Tarla Denemesi
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:sanal kumar · üniversite öğrencileri · erkek öğrenciler

Özet

Teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte sanal kumar giderek yaygınlaşmakta ve özellikle genç erkekler için önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, söz konusu riskin bütüncül biçimde anlaşılabilmesi amacıyla bu araştırma, erkek üniversite öğrencilerinin sanal kumar oynama deneyimlerini derinlemesine incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgubilim yöntemi kullanılmış; ölçüt ve kartopu örnekleme yoluyla sanal kumar deneyimi olan sekiz erkek öğrenciyle yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşme verileri deşifre edilerek NVivo programı aracılığıyla içerik analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular, katılımcıların çoğunun sanal kumara 18 yaşından önce, özellikle ortaokul ve lise dönemlerinde başladığını göstermektedir. Sanal kumara yönelmede arkadaş çevresi ve sosyal medya temel belirleyiciler olarak öne çıkarken, ekonomik kazanç ve merak ve spor ilgisi gibi duyuşsal etmenlerin de güçlü motivasyon kaynakları olduğu görülmüştür. Deneme amaçlı başlayan kumar davranışını zamanla bir alışkanlığa dönüştüğü ve katılımcıların yaşamlarında ekonomik kayıplar, duygusal dalgalanmalar, sosyal ilişkilerde bozulmalar ve akademik güçlükler gibi çok boyutlu olumsuz etkilere yol açtığı bulgulanmıştır. Sanal kumarı bırakma süreçlerinde dini inançlar, kumar sistemine ilişkin farkındalık ve geleceğe dönük düşünceler önemli destekleyici faktörler olurken; akranların oynamaya devam etmesi, “ya tutarsa” gibi düşünceler ve davranışın kontrol altında olduğu inancı bırakmayı zorlaştıran unsurlar olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, sanal kumar erkek üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşamlarında çok boyutlu bir risk alanı olarak görülmektedir. Bulgular doğrultusunda, üniversitelerde öğrencilere finansal destek sağlanması, sanal kumar oyunlarına ilişkin farkındalıklarının artırılması ve sosyal destek ve alternatif boş zaman etkinliklerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik müdahaleler önerilebilir.

Abstract

With technological advances, online gambling is becoming increasingly widespread and poses a significant risk, particularly for young men. To gain a comprehensive understanding of this risk, this study aimed to examine the online gambling experiences of male university students. A phenomenological design was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight male students with online gambling experience, recruited through criterion and snowball sampling. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis with NVivo. The findings show that most participants started online gambling before the age of 18, particularly during middle and high school. Peer groups and social media emerged as major influences on engagement, while financial gain and affective factors such as curiosity and interest in sports were also strong motivations. Gambling behavior gradually developed into a habit and lead to multidimensional negative effects on participants' lives, including economic losses, emotional fluctuations, social and academic difficulties. Religious beliefs, awareness of the gambling system, and future-oriented thoughts are important supporting factors in quitting process, while peers continuing to gamble, thoughts such as “what if it works,” and the illusion of control are factors that make quitting difficult. Overall, online gambling represents a multidimensional risk in the lives of students. Accordingly, interventions may include providing financial support, increasing awareness about online gambling, and strengthening social support and alternative leisure activities at universities.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Altıner, R., İncesu, S. E., Kılıç, S. (2026). İlk Adımdan Özgürleşmeye: Erkek Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sanal Kumar Deneyimleri. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 647–687. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1840349

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (88)

  1. Abbott, M. W., Romild, U. ve Volberg, R. A. (2014). Gambling and problem gambling in Sweden: Changes between 1998 and 2009. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(1), 985–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9396-3
  2. Aktürk, İ., Karaman, H. ve Yaman, Ö. M. (2024). Kumar oynama davranışını sürdürmedeki pozitif pekiştireçler ve yaşantısal kaçınmanın rolüne dair nitel bir araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(1), 251-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1378685
  3. Altıntaş, M. (2018). Kumar oynama bozukluğu tanısı olan hastalarda anksiyete, depresyon, ruminasyon ve dürtüsellik. Cukurova Medical Journal, 43(3), 624-633. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.356820
  4. Amoah-Nuamah, J., Agyemang-Duah, W., Mensah, B., & Opoku, B. (2023). University students’ reasons and attitudes towards online gambling and its implication on their lives. Journal of Gambling Studies, 39(1), 203-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-022-10143-5
  5. Aslan, H. (2020). Genç yetişkinlikteki bireylerde olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri ve kumara ilişkin bilişsel yapıların kumar oynama davranışı ve nedenleri üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi.
  6. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
  7. Bayındır, G. (2018). Social perspective of gambling and chance games: Niğde sample. Milli Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi (MİKAD), 2(2), 58–83. https://izlik.org/JA34US67HE
  8. Beebe, L. H. (2007). What can we learn from pilot studies?, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 43(4), 213–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2007.00136.x
  9. Bellringer, M. E., & Garrett, N. (2021). Risk factors for increased online gambling during covid-19 lockdowns in New Zealand: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12946. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412946
  10. Bouguettaya, A., Lynott, D., Carter, A., Zerhouni, O., Meyer, S., Ladegaard, I., Gardner, J. ve O’Brien, K. S. (2020). The relationship between gambling advertising and gambling attitudes, intentions and behaviours: A critical and meta-analytic review. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.010
  11. Brolin Låftman, S., Alm, S., Olsson, G., Sundqvist, K. ve Wennberg, P. (2020). Future orientation, gambling and risk gambling among youth: A study of adolescents in Stockholm. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1581069
  12. Buran, A. (2021). Kumar oynama bozukluğunda bilişsel davranışçı terapinin etkinliği üzerine sistematik bir derleme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(2), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.841844
  13. Calado, F. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (2000–2015). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 592-613. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.073
  14. Calado, F., Alexandre, J. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Prevalence of adolescent problem gambling: A Systematic review of recent research. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(2), 397–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9627-5
  15. Chen, Z., Doekemeijer, R. A., Noël, X., & Verbruggen, F. (2022). Winning and losing in online gambling: Effects on within-session chasing. Plos One, 17(8), e0273359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273359
  16. Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N. (2009). Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron, 61(3), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031
  17. Creswell, J. W. (2020). Eğitim araştırmaları. Nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi. (H. Ekşi Çev. Ed.). (3. Eds). EDAM.
  18. Çakıcı, M. (2012). The prevalence and risk factors of gambling behavior in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 243–249. https://storage.imrpress.com/journal/AP/13/4/pii/131222/68114fb06d5432725cacb9449467 f82c.pdf
  19. Derin, S. ve Bilge, F. (2017). Patolojik kumar oynama: Bir olgu sunumu. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.14527/9786053188407.32
  20. Dukes, S. (1984). Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences. Journal of Religion and Health, 23(1), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00990785
  21. Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 1319–1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6
  22. Edson, T. C., Louderback, E. R., Tom, M. A., Philander, K. S., Slabczynski, J. M., Lee, T. G., & LaPlante, D. A. (2023). A large-scale prospective study of big wins and their relationship with future involvement and risk among actual online sports bettors. Computers in Human Behavior, 142(1), 107657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107657
  23. Ekholm, O., Eiberg, S., Davidsen, M., Holst, M., Larsen, C. V. ve Juel, K. (2014). The prevalence of problem gambling in Denmark in 2005 and 2010: A sociodemographic and socioeconomic characterization. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9347-4
  24. Emir, E., Akça, E., Badau, A. ve Badau, D. (2025). The dark side of leisure time: Analysis of the predictive effects between boredom, internet usage habits, and gambling behaviors. Brain Sciences, 15(6), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060598
  25. Erdoğdu, Y. (2019). Kumar problemleri yaşayan bireylerin kumar oynamayla ilgili deneyimlerinin yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analizi. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 871-906. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0006
  26. Flack, M. ve Morris, M. (2017). Gambling-related beliefs and gambling behaviour: Explaining gambling problems with the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(1), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9611-9
  27. Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). Online gambling addiction: The relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0057-8
  28. Gambling Commission. (2018). Annual report. https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/survey-data/Gambling-participation-in-2018-behaviour-awareness-and-attitudes.pdf
  29. Gezgin, D.M., Hamutoğlu, N.B. ve Atabay, E. (2025). Examining university students’ opinions on online gambling behaviors, motivations and negative effects: A qualitative analysis study. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 12(2), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2025.24141
  30. Ghelfi, M., Scattola, P., Giudici, G. ve Velasco, V. (2024). Online gambling: A systematic review of risk and protective factors in the adult population. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(2), 673–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-023-10258-3
  31. Gómez, P., Feijóo, S., Braña, T., Varela, J. ve Rial, A. (2020). Minors and online gambling: Prevalence and related variables. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(3), 735–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09923-3
  32. González-Roz, A., Fernández-Hermida, J. R., Weidberg, S., Martínez-Loredo, V. ve Secades-Villa, R. (2017). Prevalence of problem gambling among adolescents: A comparison across modes of access, gambling activities, and levels of severity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(2), 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9652-4
  33. Grant, J. ve Kim, S. (2002). Gender differences in pathological gamblers seeking medication treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(1), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2002.29857
  34. Griffiths, M. (2003). Internet gambling: Issues, concerns, and recommendations. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6(6), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493103322725333
  35. Griffiths, M. D. ve Barnes, A. (2008). Internet gambling: An online empirical study among student gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6(1), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-007-9083-7
  36. Håkansson, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on online gambling–a general population survey during the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), 568543. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568543
  37. Håkansson, A. ve Widinghoff, C. (2020). Gender differences in problem gamblers in an online gambling setting. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13(1), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S248540
  38. Hardoon, K. K., & Derevensky, J. L. (2001). Social influences involved in children's gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17(3), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012216305671
  39. Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Weber, M. B. (2019). What influences saturation? Estimating sample sizes in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 29(10), 1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318821692
  40. Hing, N., Russell, A. M. ve Browne, M. (2017). Risk factors for gambling problems on online electronic gaming machines, race betting and sports betting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1), 779. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00779
  41. Hubert, P. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2018). A comparison of online versus offline gambling harm in Portuguese pathological gamblers: An empirical study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(5), 1219–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9846-8
  42. İli, B. (2024). Çevrimiçi kumarın sosyal medyada tehlikeli yükselişi: Youtube videoları üzerine bir inceleme. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 12(2), 793-815. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1407240
  43. İnceköse, S. ve Yapıcı, A. (2025). Şans oyunlarına katılım ve kumar bağımlılığına göre dinin etkisini hissetme ve dini yönelim biçimi düzeyi. Eskiyeni, 58(1), 833-858. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1674735
  44. Kaya, F. Ş. ve Başkan, A. (2020). Kumar oynama motivasyonunun iç-dış kontrol odağı ile ilişkisi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21(3), 210-222. https://izlik.org/JA94RZ77KZ
  45. Killick, E. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Impact of sports betting advertising on gambling behavior: A systematic review. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(3), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2022.21080
  46. Kim, H. S., Wohl, M. J. A., Gupta, R. ve Derevensky, J. L. (2017). Why do young adults gamble online? A qualitative study of motivations to transition from social casino games to online gambling. Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 7(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40405-017-0025-4
  47. Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. Sage Publications.
  48. Ladd, G. ve Petry, N. (2002). Gender differences among pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10(1), 302-309. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.10.3.302
  49. LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. S. (2004). A social cognitive theory of Internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(3), 358-377. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4803_2
  50. Littler, A. ve Järvinen-Tassopoulos, J. (2018). Online gambling, regulation, and risks: A comparison of gambling policies in Finland and the Netherlands. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 30(1), 100–126. https://doi.org/10.60082/0829-3929.1324
  51. Lopez-Gonzalez, H., Estévez, A. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Marketing and advertising online sports betting: A problem gambling perspective. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(3), 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723517705545
  52. Mancone, S., Zanon, A., Marotta, G., Celia, G. ve Diotaiuti, P. (2025). Temporal perspectives, sensation-seeking, and cognitive distortions as predictors of adolescent gambling behavior: A study in Italian high schools. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16(1), 1602316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1602316
  53. Martin, R. J., Usdan, S., Nelson, S., Umstattd, M. R., LaPlante, D., Perko, M. ve diğerleri (2010). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict gambling behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018452
  54. Mastro, D. E., & Atkin, C. (2002). Exposure to alcohol billboards and beliefs and attitudes toward drinking among Mexican American high school students. Howard Journal of Communication, 13(2), 129-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170290089926
  55. McCormack, A., Shorter, G. W. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2014). An empirical study of gender differences in online gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(1), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9341-x
  56. Merkouris, S. S., Thomas, A. C., Shandley, K. A., Rodda, S. N., Oldenhof, E. ve Dowling, N. A. (2016). An update on gender differences in the characteristics associated with problem gambling: A systematic review. Current Addiction Reports, 3(3), 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0106-y
  57. Merriam, A. B. ve Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implemantation (4. baskı). Jossey-Bass.
  58. Mora-Salgueiro, J., García-Estela, A., Hogg, B., Angarita-Osorio, N., Amann, B. L., Carlbring, P. ve Colom, F. (2021). The prevalence and clinical and sociodemographic factors of problem online gambling: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 37(3), 899-926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-09999-w
  59. Morse, J. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973200129118183
  60. Mutti-Packer, S., Hodgins, D. C., Williams, R. J. ve Konkolÿ Thege, B. (2017). The protective role of religiosity against problem gambling: Findings from a five-year prospective study. Bmc Psychiatry, 17(1), 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1518-5
  61. Nixon, G., Solowoniuk, J., Hagen, B. ve Williams, J. (2005). “Double trouble”: The lived experience of problem and pathological gambling in later life. Journal of Gambling Issues, 14(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2005.14.10
  62. Nowak, D. E. ve Aloe, A. M. (2014). The prevalence of pathological gambling among college students: A meta-analytic synthesis, 2005–2013. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(4), 819–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9399-0
  63. Nowotarski, A., Rothen, S., Kasina, F., Zullino, D. ve Thorens, G. (2024). Physical activity as a predictor of internet gaming disorder in a Swiss male cohort (C-SURF). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 69(12), 855-860. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437241293979
  64. Okray, Z. ve Direktör, C. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment of gambling addiction. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21118
  65. Olason, D. T., Hayer, T., Brosowski, T. ve Meyer, G. (2015). Gambling in the mist of economic crisis: Results from three national prevalence studies from Iceland. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(1), 759–774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9523-4
  66. Olason, D. T., Kristjansdottir, E., Einarsdottir, H., Haraldsson, H., Bjarnason, G. ve Derevensky, J. L. (2011). Internet gambling and problem gambling among 13- to 18-year-old adolescents in Iceland. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9(3), 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9280-7
  67. Oruç, M. A., Aras, N. ve Ünsal Çelebi, D. (2021). Gambling disorder: The data from Samsun province. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(3), 181-185. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21122
  68. Önal, L. (2023). Psikolojik sağlık ve sapkın boş zaman etkileşimi: Sanal bahis ve kumar tutkunları üzerine bir inceleme. Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi, 5(2), 110-117. https://doi.org/10.56639/jsar.1388588
  69. Öztürkmen, G. (2023). Yetişkin bireylerin çevrimiçi kumar bağımlılığının dürtüsellik ile ilişkisi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi.
  70. Padgett, D. K. (2008) Qualitative methods in social work research (2nd ed.). SAGE.
  71. Petry, N. M. ve Gonzalez-Ibanez, A. (2015). Internet gambling in problem gambling college students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(2), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9432-3
  72. Price, A. (2022). Online gambling in the midst of COVID-19: a nexus of mental health concerns, substance use and financial stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 362-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00366-1
  73. Rossi, R. ve Nairn, A. (2022). New developments in gambling marketing: The rise of social media ads and its effect on youth. Current Addiction Reports, 9(4), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-022-00457-0
  74. Secades-Villa, R., Krotter, A. ve Aonso-Diego, G. (2024). Prevalence and correlates of gambling disorder in Spain: Findings from a national survey. International Gambling Studies, 24(2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2023.2276747
  75. Sirola, A., Kaakinen, M., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2019). Loneliness and online gambling-community participation of young social media users. Computers in Human Behavior, 95(1), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.023
  76. Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage.
  77. Toy, M. E. (2024, Ekim 18). Sanal kumar bağımlılığı nasıl yaygınlaşıyor? Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/sanal-kumar-bagimliligi-nasil-yayginlasiyor/3366049
  78. Vayısoğlu K., Öncü S. E. ve Güven, Y. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kumar oynama sıklığı ve heyecan arama davranışı ile ilişkisi. ADDICTA: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(1), 69‒90. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.1.0041
  79. Wenzel, H. G. ve Dahl, A. A. (2008). Female pathological gamblers – A critical review of the clinical findings. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(1), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-008-9174-0
  80. Wong, I. L. K. (2010). Internet gambling: A school-based survey among Macau students. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(3), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.3.365
  81. Wood, R. T. A. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2008). Why Swedish people play online poker and factors that can increase or decrease trust in poker Web sites: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Gambling Issues, 21(21), 80–97. https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/22650
  82. Wood, R. T. ve Williams, R. J. (2009). Internet gambling: Prevalence, patterns, problems, and policy options (Final report). Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre. https://www.jogoremoto.pt/docs/extra/XNFGmG.pdf
  83. Wood, R. T. ve Williams, R. J. (2011). A comparative profile of the Internet gambler: demographic characteristics, game-play patterns, and problem gambling status. New Media and Society. 13(1), 1123–1141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810397650
  84. Wood, R., Williams, R. ve Lawton, P. (2007). Why do internet gamblers prefer online versus land-based venues? Some preliminary findings and implications. Journal of Gambling Issues, 20(1), 235-252. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2007.20.11
  85. Wu, A. ve Tang, C. (2012). Problem gambling of Chinese college students: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(2), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9250-4
  86. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  87. Zhang, K. and L. Clark (2020). Loss-chasing in gambling behaviour: Neurocognitive and behavioural economic perspectives. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 31(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.006
  88. Mora-Salgueiro, J., García-Estela, A., Hogg, B., Angarita-Osorio, N., Amann, B. L., Carlbring, P. ve Colom, F. (2021). The prevalence and clinical and sociodemographic factors of problem online gambling: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 37(3), 899-926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-09999-w