KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3

Bilişsel Esneklik ve Ebeveyn Stresi: Ebeveyn Yetkinliğinin ve Ruminasyonun Çoklu Aracılık Rolü

Cognitive Flexibility and Parental Stress: Multiple Mediator Role of Parental Self-efficacy and Rumination

Gökçen Dalkılınç(YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK (DR))0009-0002-1780-2563
Berkan Can Kara(YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK (DR))0000-0001-7459-679X
Seda Nur Güven(YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ, REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK (DR))0009-0003-5752-7276
Fulya Turk(YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK PR.)0000-0003-1896-8418
Sayfa
1305–1344
Yayın Tarihi
2025-12-15
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgular, bilişsel esneklik ile ebeveynlik stresi arasındaki ilişkide ebeveynlik yetkinliği ve ruminasyonun paralel aracılık rolleri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Ebeveynlik, anne ve babanın çocuğunun gelişimsel ihtiyaçlarına uyum sağlayarak çok boyutlu roller üstlendiği, bilişsel, duygusal ve sosyal açıdan sürekli değişim ve yeniden yapılanma ya da uyum gerektiren dinamik ve stresli bir yaşam evresidir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu sebeple, farklı yaş gruplarında çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarını yetiştirme sürecinde yaşadıkları stresin ve stresle ilişkili faktörlerin detaylı olarak incelenmesi önemli görülmektedir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgular, bilişsel esneklik ile ebeveynlik stresi arasındaki ilişkide ebeveynlik yetkinliği ve ruminasyonun paralel aracılık rolleri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
🔬Tür:Modelleme & Sayısal Simülasyon
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Bilişsel esneklik · Ebeveyn stresi · Ebeveyn yetkinliği

Özet

Ebeveynlik, anne ve babanın çocuğunun gelişimsel ihtiyaçlarına uyum sağlayarak çok boyutlu roller üstlendiği, bilişsel, duygusal ve sosyal açıdan sürekli değişim ve yeniden yapılanma ya da uyum gerektiren dinamik ve stresli bir yaşam evresidir. Ebeveynler, her yeni gelişim döneminde hem çocuklarını hem de kendilerini stresli ve zorlu yaşantılar içinde bulabilmektedirler. Bu sebeple, farklı yaş gruplarında çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarını yetiştirme sürecinde yaşadıkları stresin ve stresle ilişkili faktörlerin detaylı olarak incelenmesi önemli görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu araştırmada ergenlik ve ön ergenlik döneminde çocuğu bulunan anne ve babaların ebeveyn stresleri ve ilgili değişkenlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modeline dayalı olarak yürütülen çalışmaya, 10-18 yaş aralığında çocuğa sahip 338 anne (%83.87) ve 65 baba (%16.13) olmak üzere toplam 403 ebeveyn katılmıştır. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Ebeveyn Stresi Ölçeği, Ebeveyn Yetkinlik Ölçeği, Ruminatif Düşünme Biçimi Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, bilişsel esneklik ile ebeveynlik stresi arasındaki ilişkide ebeveynlik yetkinliği ve ruminasyonun paralel aracılık rolleri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Abstract

Parenthood is a dynamic and stressful life phase in which mothers and fathers take on multidimensional roles by adapting to the developmental needs of their children, and which requires constant change and restructuring or adaptation in cognitive, emotional and social terms. Parents may find both their children and themselves in stressful and challenging lives in each new period. For this reason, it is important to examine in detail the stress experienced by parents of children in different age groups and the factors related to stress during the process of raising their children. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the parenting stress and related variables of mothers and fathers of children in adolescence and pre-adolescence. A total of 403 parents, 338 mothers (83.87%) and 65 fathers (16.13%) of children between the ages of 10-18, participated in the study conducted based on the relational screening model. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Parental Stress Scale, Parental Competence Scale, Ruminative Thinking Style Scale and Cognitive Flexibility Scale. The data obtained were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that parenting competence and rumination had parallel mediating roles in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and parenting stress.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dalkılınç, G., Kara, B. C., Güven, S. N., Turk, F. (2025). Bilişsel Esneklik ve Ebeveyn Stresi: Ebeveyn Yetkinliğinin ve Ruminasyonun Çoklu Aracılık Rolü. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3, 1305–1344. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1697315

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (95)

  1. Abidin, R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue: The stresses of parenting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 298- 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_1
  2. Altunkol, F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklikleri ile algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [The analysis of the relation between cognitive flexibility and perceived stress levels of college students] (Thesis No.299899) [Master’s thesis, Çukurova University]. Counsil of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  3. Anayurt, A. (2017). Duygu düzenleme ile erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar, bilişsel esneklik ve ruminasyon arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Investigation of relations between early maladaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility and rumination with emotion regulation] (Thesis No. 468230) [Master's thesis, Ankara Univeristy]. Counsil of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  4. Arıcı Özcan, N., & Arslan, R. (2018). Ergen annelerine uygulanan ebeveyn stresini yönetme programı’nın etkililiği [The effectiveness of parent stress management program to mothers with adolescent child]. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(2), 40-59. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.349339
  5. Aslan, Ş., & Türk, F. (2022). Bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik esneklik kavramlarının karşılaştırılması [Comparison of concepts of cognitive flexibility and psychological flexibility]. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 119-130. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1710158
  6. Atasayar, M., İlyas, A., Girgin, N., Uygun, H. M., & Çevik, İ. (2023). Yapılandırılmış aile eğitim programının covid-19 sürecinde ebeveynlerin stres ve yetkinlik düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of structured family education program on parents' stress and competence levels in the Covid-19 process]. MAUN Journal of Education, 3(2), 150-170. https://doi.org/10.60107/maunef.1273542
  7. Ateş, B. & Sağar, M. E. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öz-yeterliğin yordayıcısı olarak bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme beceleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık [Cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation skills and resilience as predictors of self-efficacy in university students]. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 679-695.https://iaud.aydin.edu.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/10.17932IAU.IAUSBD.2021.0212021.133.pdf
  8. Avcı, Ş., Fener, M. T., & Mutlu, A. (2021). Serebral palsili çocukların fonksiyonel seviyeleri ve ekstremite dağılımlarının ebeveynlik stres düzeyine etkileri [The effects of functional levels and extremity distributions of children with cerebral palsy on parental stress level]. Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 7(2), 123-140. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1521612
  9. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  10. Baltaş, Z., & Baltaş, A. (2008). Stres ve başa çıkma yolları [Stress and ways of coping]. (24. Baskı). Remzi Kitabevi
  11. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
  12. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman and Company.
  13. Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 164-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x
  14. Berry, J. O., & Jones, W. H. (1995). The parental stress scale: Initial psychometric evidence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407595123009
  15. Brinker, J. K., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Ruminative thought style and depressed mood. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20542
  16. Bloomfield, L., & Kendall, S. (2012). Parenting self-efficacy, parenting stress and child behaviour before and after a parenting programme. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 13(4), 364-372. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1463423612000060
  17. Bohne, A., Høifødt, R. S., Nordahl, D., Moe, V., Landsem, I. P., Vannebo, U. T., Holstad, S. L., Wang, C. E. A., & Pfuhl, G. (2025). Transaction of parental cognition, stress and depressive symptoms, and infant regulatory challenges. Infant Mental Health Journal, 46(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22160
  18. Braun, E. (2023). The relationship between parental self-efficacy and unconditional self-acceptance, cognitive flexibility, and self-forgiveness across different parental stages [Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses.
  19. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Handbook of Data Analysis for the Social Sciences]. Pegem Akademi.
  20. Caprara, G. V., Regalia, C., Scabini, E., Barbaranelli, C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Assessment of perceived parental self-efficacy. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.247
  21. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1998). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18, 30–46. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
  22. Conway M., Mendelson M., Giannopoulos C., Csank, P. A. R., & Holm S. L. (2004). Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria. Child Abuse Neglect, 28(4),393–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.004
  23. Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S., & Yıldırım, E. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı [Research methods in social sciences: SPSS applications] (10. baskı). Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  24. Crnic, K., & Ross, E. (2017). Parenting stress and parental efficacy. In K. Deater-Deckard, & R. Panneton (Eds.), Parental Stress and early childhood development (pp. 263–284). Springer.
  25. Çelik, M. & Buğa, A. (2022). Evli bireylerde bilişsel esneklik ve evlilik çöz-yetkinliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the relationship between cognitve flexiblity and marital self-efficacy in married individuals]. Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(13), 395-407. https://doi.org/10.57135/jier.1192803
  26. Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2014). The relation between cognitive flexibility and academic, social and emotional self-efficacy beliefs among adolescents. Education & Science/Egitim ve Bilim, 39(176). https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.3467
  27. Demir, S. & Gündüz, B. (2014). Ebeveyn yekinlik ölçeği’nin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [Adaptation of the parental self-efficacy sclae: The study of validity and reliability]. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(25), 309-322. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12483/2189
  28. Demirci, O. O., & Güneri, E. (2020). Bilişsel esnekliğin bilişsel duygu düzenleme üzerindeki etkisi [The effects of cognitive flexibility on cognitive emotional regulation]. Uludağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, 21(39), 651-684. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.624377
  29. Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and mental well-being in Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of academic, social and emotional self-efficacy. Anales de Psicología/annals of Psychology, 36(1), 111-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.36.1.336681
  30. Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive therapy and research, 34(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
  31. Doğan, B.G., & Turp, H. H. (2022). A study on parents' emotion regulation skills, selfawareness, and cognitive flexibility levels. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 9(4), 785-796. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.1096498
  32. Ekşi, H., Kemahlı, H. P., & Abdullayev, K. (2017). Aile stresörleri ile başa çıkma yöntemleri ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability study of family stressors coping strategies scale, Sözlü Sunumu].1st International Symposium on Social Sciences and Educational Research, Necmettin Erbakan Univeristy, Konya.
  33. Esen, B., K, Özcan, H. D, & Sezgin, M. (2017). High school students’cognitive flexibility is predicted by self-efficacy and achievement. European Journal of Education Studies, 3,143-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.244470
  34. Eskin, M. (2014). Sorun çözme terapisi [Problem solving therapy] (3. Baskı). Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  35. Fang, Y., Luo, J., Boele, M., Windhorst, D., van Grieken, A., & Raat, H. (2024). Parent, child, and situational factors associated with parenting stress: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 1687-1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02027-1
  36. Fisher, R. S., Perez, M. N., Basile, N. L., Pepper, M., Gamwell, K. L., McNall-Knapp, R., Carter, J. C., Mayes, S., Chaney, J. M., & Mullins, L. L. (2021). Childhood cancer physical symptom burden and parent distress: The role of parent rumination. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 9(3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000403
  37. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  38. Genet, J. J., Malooly, A. M., & Siemer, M. (2013). Flexibility is not always adaptive: Affective flexibility and inflexibility predict rumination use in everyday life. Cognition and Emotion, 27(4), 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.733351
  39. George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.). Pearson.
  40. Gerdes, A., Hoza, B., Arnold, L., Pelham, W., Swanson, J., Wigal, T., & Jenson, P. (2007). Maternal depressive symptomatology and parenting behavior: exploration of possible mediators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholology, 35, 705-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9134-3
  41. Gharati, M., Kashani Vahid, L., & Asaseh, M. (2024). Develop a structural model of happiness of mothers with children with intellectual disabilities based on psychological capital with the mediation of cognitive flexibility and emotional regulation. Journal of Psychological Science, 23(136), 785-800. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JPS.23.136.785
  42. Girard, C. R. (2022). The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Rumination: From Laboratory to Daily Life [Master's thesis, Northern Michigan University]. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/718/
  43. Glatz, T., & Buchanan, C. M. (2015). Over-time associations among parental self-efficacy, promotive parenting practices, and adolescents’ externalizing behaviors. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000076
  44. Gniewosz, G. (2023). A mother’s perspective: Perceived stress and parental self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(4), 666-693. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2022.2120464
  45. Gördesli, M. A., & Aydın Sünbül, Z. (2021). Ebeveyn stres ölçeği türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The parenting stress scale: the validity and the reliability study]. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.866101
  46. Greene, T. C. (2020). Pathways to coping with extreme events: A study of the relation between cognitive flexibility and four types of rumination [Master's thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte]. Proquest Dissertations and Theses.
  47. Gülüm, V., & Dağ, İ. (2013). Yetişkin bağlanma örüntüleri ile psikopatoloji belirtileri arasındaki ilişkide bilişsel özelliklerin aracı rolü: Bilişsel esneklik [The mediator role of cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: Cognitive flexibility]. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 24(4). 240-247. https://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/PDF/C24S4/3_13009_.Yeti%C5%9Fkin%20baglanma.pdf
  48. Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: Felsefe, yöntem, analiz [Research methods in social sciences: Philosophy, method, analysis]. (1. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  49. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Tatham, R. L., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. In Multivariate data analysis (pp. 785-785). Upper Saddle River.
  50. Håkansson, U., Watten, R. G., Söderström, K. & Øie, M. G. (2019). The association between executive functioning and parental stress and psychological distress is mediated by parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Stress and Health, 35(4), 407-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2868
  51. Işık, E. (2022). Covid-19 sürecinde babaların ebeveynlik düzeylerindeki değişimin incelenmesi [Investigation of the Changing in Parenting Levels of Fathers in the Covid-19 Process]. Fırat University Journal Of Social Sciences, 33(1), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1192329
  52. Junker, F. K., Pedersen, V. B., & Furset, I. I. (2021). A Longitudinal Follow-up Study of Cognitive Flexibility and Rumination in First Episode Major Depression [Master's thesis, The University of Bergen]. Bergen Open Research Archive.
  53. Karasar, N. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method] (31. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  54. Karagöz, H. K., & Bilge, F. (2025). Parenting stress in women with adolescent children. Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 58(1). https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1544014
  55. Karatepe, H. T., Yavuz, F., & Candan, F. (2013). Ruminatif düşünme biçimi ölçeği’nin Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of ruminative thought style questionnaire] (Thesis No. 271757) [Specialization thesis, Bakırköy Prof. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Neurological Disorders]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  56. Kawafha, M. M. (2018). Parental stress in the neonate intensive care unit and its association with parental and infant characteristics. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 24(5), 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2018.05.005
  57. Kim, H. J., & Kim, J. M. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for improving parenting efficacy of married immigrant women. Journal of Families and Better Life, 33(2), 135-148. https://doi.org/10.7466/JKHMA.2015.33.2.135
  58. Kishimoto, T., Liu, S., Zhang, L., & Li, S. (2023). How do autistic severity and family functioning influence parental stress in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder in China? The important role of parental self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 956637. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.956637
  59. Kwok, S., & Wong, D. (2000). Mental health of parents with young children in Hong Kong: The roles of parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy. Child & Family Social Work, 5(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.2000.00138.x
  60. Lazarus, R. S., & Eriksen, C. W. (1952). Effects of failure stress upon skilled performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43(2), 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0056614
  61. LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. (2019). Depression: A cognitive perspective. Clinical Psychology Reveiew, 69, 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.008
  62. Lerner, R. M., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Handbook of adolescent psychology: Individual bases of adolescent development. John Wiley & Sons.
  63. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
  64. Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1996). Communication traits: A crossgenerational investigation. Communication Research Reports, 13(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099609362071
  65. Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  66. Mishra, A., & Singh, P. (2024). Effect of emotional intelligence and cognitive flexibility on entrepreneurial intention: mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(3), 551-575. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2022-0142
  67. Moghaddam, F. Y., Hosseinian. S., Emami. F., & Azad., N. (2023). The moderating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parental stress and maternal parenting self-efficacy perceived. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15(4), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.22075/jcp.2024.33031.2831
  68. Montigny, F., & Lacharité, C. (2005). Perceived parental efficacy: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03302.x
  69. Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2018). The association between self-critical rumination and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2265-2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1072-x
  70. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
  71. Nomaguchi, K. M. (2012). Parenthood and psychological well-being: Clarifying the role of child age and parent–child relationship quality. Social Science Research, 41(2), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.08.001
  72. Östberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(4), 615-625. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_13
  73. Özcan, N. (2022). Algılanan stres ile bilişsel esnekliğin yürütücü işlevler açısından incelenmesi [Examination of perceived stress and cognitive flexibility in terms of executive functions] (Thesis No. 712762) [Master's thesis, Atatürk University, Erzurum]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  74. Özyazıcı, K. & Yaray, Y. (2022). Ebeveynlik stresinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Examining parenting stress in terms of various variables]. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 50-59. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cebed
  75. Park, I. Y., Gago, C., Grafft, N., Lo, B. K., & Davison, K. K. (2025). Parent empowerment as a buffer between perceived stress and parenting self-efficacy in immigrant parents. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 27(2), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-024-01659-6
  76. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  77. Pulopulos, M. M., Hoorelbeke, K., Vandenbroucke, S., Van Durme, K., Hooley, J. M., & De Raedt, R. (2023). The interplay between self-esteem, expectancy, cognitive control, rumination, and the experience of stress: a network analysis. Current Psychology, 42(18), 15403-15411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02840-6
  78. Roy, R. N., Schumm, W. R., & Britt, S. L. (2014). Theoretical perspectives. In Transition to parenthood (pp. 27-47). Springer.
  79. Saasati, N., Youefi, Z., & Gholparvar, M. (2020). The effectiveness of the systematic training for effective parenting (STEP) on the quality of parent-child relationships, parenting self-efficacy, and cognitive flexibility in adolescent mothers. Psychological Sciences, 94(19), 1319-1330. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1399.19.94.4.8
  80. Satıcı, S. A. (2016). Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.057
  81. Sladek, M. R., Doane, L. D., & Breitenstein, R. S. (2020). Daily rumination about stress, sleep, and diurnal cortisol activity. Cognition and Emotion, 34(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1601617
  82. Smith, E. D. (2017). The role of parental self-efficacy, hardiness, and parenting stress in predicting parenting behaviors [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Southern Mississippi]. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1452
  83. Spiro, R. J., Feltovich, P. J., Jacobson, M. J., & Coulson, R. L. (1991). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertexfu random access ınstruction for advanced knowledge acquisition. Educational Technology, 31(5), 25-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200772846_Cognitive_Flexibility_Constructivism_and_Hypertext_Random_Access_Instruction_for_Advanced_Knowledge_Acquisition_in_Ill-Structured_Domains
  84. Söğüt, R. (2019). Üstün yetenekli olan ve olmayan çocukların anne babalarının ebeveynliğe ilişkin yeterlik algıları ile stres düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of stress level and perceptions of competence related to parenting of parents with gifted and non-gifted children] (Thesis No. 573534) [Mster’s thesis, Gaziantep University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  85. Söğüt, M., & Köse, A. (2023). The Exploration of Maternal Self-Efficacy: The Role of Childhood Traumas, Adult Attachment and Cognitive Flexibility. Journal of Ahmet Keleşoğlu Education Faculty, 5(3), 1438-1450. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.119
  86. Strauss, K., Servadio, M., Valeri, G., Casula, L., Vicari, S., & Fava, L. (2024). Association between child behavioural problems and parenting stress in autism spectrum disorders: The role of parenting self-efficacy. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 70(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2052417
  87. Sugiana, S., Sasmiati, S., & Yulistia, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting self efficacy and parenting stress on parents to support early children playing at home. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 9(2), 124-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v9i2.42212
  88. Sung, K. M. (2013). Development of a scale to measure stress in parents of adolescents. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(3), 216-229. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2013.22.3.216
  89. Taylor, S. E., & Stanton, A. L. (2007). Coping resources, coping processes, and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 377-401. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091520
  90. Tiryaki, A. (2014). Stres: aşamaları, kaynakları, sonuçları ve mücadele teknikleri [Stress: Stages, reasons, results and fı̇ghtı̇ng technı̇ques] (Thesis No. 379160) [Master's thesis, Beykent University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp
  91. Vondra, J., & Belsky, J. (1993). Developmental origins of parenting: personality and relationship factors. In T. Luster & L. Okagaki (Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective (pp. 1-34). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  92. Ward, K. P., & Lee, S. J. (2020). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress, responsiveness, and child wellbeing among low-income families. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105218
  93. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163-206. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
  94. Yaakov, O. B., Shlomo, S. B., & Keini, N. L. (2023). Parental stress among parents of young children-the contribution of parental self-awareness, attachment orientation, quality of couple relationship and child's temperament. Current Psychology, 42(16), 13669-13679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02721-y
  95. Zhang, G., Feng, W., Zhao, L., Zhao, X., & Li, T. (2024). The association between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress self-management and mental health among adolescents. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 5488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56149-4