Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar
AI InsightKeywords: MAI, multilateral agreement, foreign investment, host country, international capital, capital movements.
📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale
Özet
Dünya ekonomisinde özellikle 1990’lardan sonra uluslararası sermaye hareketleri büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. Bir taraftan uluslararası sermaye birikimi çok büyük miktarlara ulaşmış, diğer taraftan yabancı sermaye hareketlerinin ülkeler açısından hem mikro hem de makro ekonomik tesirleri artmıştır. Bu trende paralel sûrette bir iktisadî aktör olarak “çok uluslu şirketler” doğmuş ve kuvvetlenmiştir. Ekonomik alanda gittikçe kuvvetlenen çok uluslu şirketlerin hukukî- siyasî alanda da kuvvetli olmak istemesi gâyet tabiîdir. Bu münâsebetle yeni zuhur edip kuvvetlenen çok uluslu şirketlerin hukukî-siyasî ve ekonomik alanda önceki dönemin hükümran aktörü durumundaki millî devletlerle nüfuz mücâdelesine girişmesi zarurîdir. Böyle bir mücâdelede hedef çok uluslu şirketlerin hürriyet alanlarının genişletilmesidir. Bu, uluslararası sermaye hareketlerinin serbestleşmesini imâ eder. MAI taslağı uluslararası sermaye hareketlerinin mutlak derecede serbestleşmesi, yabancı sermaye önündeki tüm bariyerlerin kaldırılması hedeflenerek inşâ edilmiştir. Uluslararası sermayenin gayrı iktisadî risklere ve haksız rekâbete karşı ev sahibi ülkeden korunma (garanti) istemesi tabiîdir. Ayrıca gelişmişlik seviyesi ne olursa olsun her ülkenin yabancı sermayeye ihtiyacı olduğu âşikârdır. Bununla beraber yabancı sermayenin ev sahibi ülke açısından faydalı olabilmesi hususunda ülkeye hangi çerçevede geldiği son derece önemlidir. MAI sâdece yabancı yatırımcıları korumayı hedeflemektedir. Halbu ki yabancı sermaye karşısında ev sahibi ülkenin de korunmaya ihtiyacı vardır. Uluslararası sermaye hareketleri alanında bir çerçeve aslen liberal karakterde olmalıdır. Fakat sözkonusu tanzim; ev sahibi ülkeye de bazı haklar tanıyıp tedbirler alma imkânı vermeli, kısaca yabancı yatırımcı ile ev sahibi ülke arasında bir denge tesis etmelidir. MAI’nin esasları şöyle sıralanabilir: (ı) Millî muâmele prensibi, (ıı) en çok tercih edilen ülke/millet prensibi, (ııı) bir yatırımla ilgili tüm ödemeler ülke içine veya dışına serbestçe transfer edilebilir (transfer serbestisi prensibi), (ıv) yabancı yatırımcıya ihracat, istihdam, teknoloji, üretim, …vs. herhangi bir ekonomik şart (performans yükümlülüğü) getirememe prensibi, (v) yabancı yatırımla ilgili olarak şirketin yönetici kadrosunun ve istihdam edeceği kişilerin, bunların âilelerinin ülkeye giriş-çıkış ve ikâmetlerinin serbestiyeti prensibi, (vı) ihtilâflarda milletlerarası tahkime gidilmesi prensibi, (vıı) ev sahibi ülkede yabancı yatırımcının aleyhine uygulamaların kaldırılması ve sözkonusu yabancı yatırımcının uğradığı zararı karşılamak üzere tazminât verilmesi, (vııı) yabancı şirket yöneticilerinin veya çalışanlarının ev sahibi ülkeden veya belli bir milletten/ülkeden olması şeklinde bir mecbûriyet getirilememesi, (ıx) devlet tekellerinin kaldırılması, (x) ev sahibi ülke özel sektörüne açık her alanın yabancı yatırımcıların faâliyetlerine de açık olması, (xı) yabancı yatırımcı ile yerli yatırımcı arasında vergi, özelleştirme konusunda ilkinin aleyhine bir ayrımcılık yapılamaması, (xıı) ev sahibi ülkeye belli konularda geçerli olmak üzere muâfiyet ve istisnâlar koyma hakkının tanınması. Makâlede şu temel soruların cevabı aranmaktadır: (ı) Uluslararası sermaye hareketlerinin tanzim edilmesine ihtiyaç var mıdır? (ıı) Böyle bir tanzim hangi karakterde olmalı, hangi esasları orjin almalıdır? (ııı) Uluslararası sermaye hareketleri alanındaki bir ideal çerçeve açısından MAI taslağı ne ölçüde uygundur? (ıv) MAI çerçevesinde gelen yabancı sermaye ev sahibi ülkeye ne kazandırabilir ve ne kaybettirebilir? (v) MAI ile Türkiye’deki uygulama arasında ortaklık ve farklılıklar nelerdir? Anahtar Kelimeler: MAI, çok taraflı anlaşma, yabancı yatırım, uluslararası sermaye, sermaye hareketleri. MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) ABSTRACT International capital movements have become very important in the world economy especially since 1990’s. On side international capital stoks has reached to so huge amounts, and on the other side foreign capital movements’s influences have increased at both micro and macro economic area in regarded to countries. As parallel at this trend, the multinational corporates as an economic actor have appeared and become more powerful. It is very natural that the multinational corporations which have become stronger want to be powerful at political-juridictional ground. Hence, it is necessary to the multinational corporations struggle for adopting influence against national states that have been dominant actors in the prior era. The purpose in this struggle is to expand the freedom’s field of multinational corporates. This object implies that the international capital flows have to been liberalized. MAI’s frame has been constituted in the purpose of that the international capital movements become liberal exactly and all of barriers in front of them are abolished. It is very natural that the international capital wants to be protected (garanteed) against no-economic risk and unreasonable competience from the host country. Adittionally, on hand it is obvius that every country which developped or undevelopped need foreign capital. But in the other hand, the regulatory frame how the foreign capital inflow to the country is very significant in respect to whether or not foreign capital is useful for the host country. MAI has targetted protecting only foreign investor. However, the host country also requires to be protected against foreign capital. On the other side, a regulation such as this has to offer some rights and the possibility to take precautions. In brief it has to build an equilibrium between foreign investor and host country. The basises of MAI can be listed so that: (ı) national treatment, (ıı) the most favoured nation/country treatment, (ııı) all payments relating to an investment may be freely transferred into and out of the host country (freedom of transferring), (ıv) any condition (for instance, export, import, imployement, tecnology transfer into country, production, research and development,… etc.) must not be put on foreign investor, (v) it is free to temporary entry, stay, reside, exit for key person, managers, its workers, and their families about foreign investment, (vı) it can be referred to the international arbitration to resolve any dispute, (vıı) any applying against foreign investor shall be abolished, and the loss or damage which a foreign investor incurred shall be compensed by the government, (vııı) it mustn’t be imposed an obligation as that the foreign investor has to appoint or employ a person from the host country or any particular natinality/ country, (ıx) the state’s monopolies existed shall be abrogated, (x) foreign investor can freely entry to and act in every area that is open for the private sector of the host counry, (xı) it has to be treated between foreign and host country’s investor on a non-discriminatory basis on taxing, subvantion, privatization, expropriation, nationalizatin, (xıı) it is recognised to impose certain exceptions and temporary safeguards which are current in general or specular situations to the host country. The responses those main questions are seeked in the study: (ı) does it need or not that the international capital movements are regulated? (ıı) how does this regulation have to be, and what characters does it have to have? What basises does it accept as origins? (ııı) What degree is MAI according to the ideal frame concerning international capital movements? (ıv) What may the international capital inflow whose frame is MAI make gain and lose for host country? (v) What are the similarities or difference between MAI and the practice in Turkey? Keywords: MAI, multilateral agreement, foreign investment, host country, international capital, capital movements.
Abstract
International capital movements have become very important in the world economy especially since 1990’s. On side international capital stoks has reached to so huge amounts, and on the other side foreign capital movements’s influences have increased at both micro and macro economic area in regarded to countries. As parallel at this trend, the multinational corporates as an economic actor have appeared and become more powerful. It is very natural that the multinational corporations which have become stronger want to be powerful at political-juridictional ground. Hence, it is necessary to the multinational corporations struggle for adopting influence against national states that have been dominant actors in the prior era. The purpose in this struggle is to expand the freedom’s field of multinational corporates. This object implies that the international capital flows have to been liberalized. MAI’s frame has been constituted in the purpose of that the international capital movements become liberal exactly and all of barriers in front of them are abolished. It is very natural that the international capital wants to be protected (garanteed) against no-economic risk and unreasonable competience from the host country. Adittionally, on hand it is obvius that every country which developped or undevelopped need foreign capital. But in the other hand, the regulatory frame how the foreign capital inflow to the country is very significant in respect to whether or not foreign capital is useful for the host country.MAI has targetted protecting only foreign investor. However, the host country also requires to be protected against foreign capital. On the other side, a regulation such as this has to offer some rights and the possibility to take precautions. In brief it has to build an equilibrium between foreign investor and host country.The basises of MAI can be listed so that: (ı) national treatment, (ıı) the most favoured nation/country treatment, (ııı) all payments relating to an investment may be freely transferred into and out of the host country (freedom of transferring), (ıv) any condition (for instance, export, import, imployement, tecnology transfer into country, production, research and development,… etc.) must not be put on foreign investor, (v) it is free to temporary entry, stay, reside, exit for key person, managers, its workers, and their families about foreign investment, (vı) it can be referred to the international arbitration to resolve any dispute, (vıı) any applying against foreign investor shall be abolished, and the loss or damage which a foreign investor incurred shall be compensed by the government, (vııı) it mustn’t be imposed an obligation as that the foreign investor has to appoint or employ a person from the host country or any particular natinality/country, (ıx) the state’s monopolies existed shall be abrogated, (x) foreign investor can freely entry to and act in every area that is open for the private sector of the host counry, (xı) it has to be treated between foreign and host country’s investor on a non-discriminatory basis on taxing, subvantion, privatization, expropriation, nationalizatin, (xıı) it is recognised to impose certain exceptions and temporary safeguards which are current in general or specular situations to the host country.The responses those main questions are seeked in the study: (ı) does it need or not that the international capital movements are regulated? (ıı) how does this regulation have to be, and what characters does it have to have? What basises does it accept as origins? (ııı) What degree is MAI according to the ideal frame concerning international capital movements? (ıv) What may the international capital inflow whose frame is MAI make gain and lose for host country? (v) What are the similarities or difference between MAI and the practice in Turkey?