Dergiler / Mülkiye Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 50 Sayı: 2

Demokrasi Teorisi ve Ortadoğu: Liberal Teori Çerçevesinde Eleştirel Bir Arap Baharı Okuması

Democratic Theory and the Middle East: A Critical Reading of the Arab Spring within the Framework of Liberal Theory

Sayfa
602–634
Yayın Tarihi
2026-06-16
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⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Ancak sürecin devamında yaşanan karşıdevrimler, otoriter restorasyonlar, devlet çöküşleri ve iç savaşlar, bu iyimser beklentilerin gerçekleşmediğini ortaya koymuştur.

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Amaç & Hipotez:Bu çalışma, 2010 sonrası Arap Baharı sürecinde ortaya çıkan demokratikleşme girişimlerinin neden sürdürülebilir liberal demokrasilere dönüşemediğini, liberal uluslararası ilişkiler teorisinin temel varsayımları doğrultusunda eleştirel biçimde irdelemektedir.
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Temel Bulgular & Veri:Arap Baharı, başlangıçta halk egemenliği, özgürlük ve adalet taleplerini önceleyen büyük ölçekli toplumsal hareketleri doğurmuş; bu da liberal demokrasinin Ortadoğu’da yayılabileceği yönünde bir dönüm noktası olarak değerlendirilmişti.
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Sonuç & Katkı:Ancak sürecin devamında yaşanan karşıdevrimler, otoriter restorasyonlar, devlet çöküşleri ve iç savaşlar, bu iyimser beklentilerin gerçekleşmediğini ortaya koymuştur.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:2010 Verileri
⚙️Değişkenler:Demokrasi Teorisi · Liberal Teori · Ortadoğu

Özet

Bu çalışma, 2010 sonrası Arap Baharı sürecinde ortaya çıkan demokratikleşme girişimlerinin neden sürdürülebilir liberal demokrasilere dönüşemediğini, liberal uluslararası ilişkiler teorisinin temel varsayımları doğrultusunda eleştirel biçimde irdelemektedir. Arap Baharı, başlangıçta halk egemenliği, özgürlük ve adalet taleplerini önceleyen büyük ölçekli toplumsal hareketleri doğurmuş; bu da liberal demokrasinin Ortadoğu’da yayılabileceği yönünde bir dönüm noktası olarak değerlendirilmişti. Ancak sürecin devamında yaşanan karşıdevrimler, otoriter restorasyonlar, devlet çöküşleri ve iç savaşlar, bu iyimser beklentilerin gerçekleşmediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada; demokratik kurumların zayıflığı, hukukun üstünlüğü ilkesinin yeterince kurumsallaşmaması, özgür ve kapsayıcı bir sivil toplumun inşa edilememesi gibi içsel yapısal sorunlar analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Batılı aktörlerin sunduğu liberal normatif desteğin sınırlılığı ve çelişkili niteliği, dışsal faktörler bağlamında sorgulanmıştır. Tunus, Mısır ve Suriye örnekleri üzerinden gerçekleştirilen karşılaştırmalı vaka analizleri, bu içsel ve dışsal etkenlerin demokratik geçiş süreçlerini nasıl biçimlendirdiğini ampirik düzeyde ortaya koymaktadır. Arap Baharı sürecinde üretilmiş olan sloganlar hem rejim karşıtı bir iradeyi hem de kolektif bir siyasal özne yaratma çabasını temsil ederken bu tür söylemlerin kurumsal karşılık bulamaması, demokratikleşmenin yalnızca niyet ve motivasyonla değil, güçlü yapısal temellerle inşa edilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmada ortaya konan bir diğer temel bulgu, liberal teorinin evrenselci varsayımlarının, Ortadoğu’nun post-kolonyal, mezhepsel ve otoriter yapıları karşısındaki açıklayıcılığının sınırlarıdır. Demokratikleşme yalnızca evrensel normların ithaliyle değil; tarihsel olarak şekillenmiş siyasal kültür, devlet-toplum ilişkileri ve yerel kurumların kapasitesiyle mümkün olabilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra; ekonomik kırılganlıklar ve yapısal sorunlar, gıda fiyatlarındaki artış ve uluslararası müdahalelerin yol açtığı güvenlik krizleri de demokratikleşme süreçlerinin başarısızlığında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu bulgular, demokratik kurumların varlığının tek başına istikrarı garanti etmediğini; aksine, bu kurumların sosyoekonomik dayanıklılık ve uluslararası çevreyle olan ilişkilerle birlikte değerlendirildiğinde anlam kazandığını ima etmektedir.

Abstract

This study critically examines why the democratization initiatives that emerged during the post-2010 Arab Spring failed to evolve into sustainable liberal democracies, in light of the foundational assumptions of liberal international relations theory. Initially, the Arab Spring gave rise to large-scale social movements prioritizing demands for popular sovereignty, freedom, and justice; this was viewed as a turning point suggesting the potential proliferation of liberal democracy in the Middle East. However, the subsequent counter-revolutions, authoritarian restorations, state collapses, and civil wars revealed that these optimistic expectations remained unfulfilled. This study analyzes internal structural issues such as the weakness of democratic institutions, the failure to sufficiently institutionalize the rule of law, and the inability to establish a free and inclusive civil society. Furthermore, the limitations and contradictory nature of the liberal normative support provided by Western actors are interrogated within the context of external factors. Comparative case studies focused on Tunisia, Egypt, and Syria empirically demonstrate how these internal and external factors have shaped democratic transition processes. While the slogans produced during the Arab Spring represented both an anti- regime will and an effort to create a collective political subject, the failure of these discourses to find institutional resonance demonstrates that democratization must be built upon strong structural foundations rather than mere intent and motivation. Another key finding of this study is the limitation of liberal theory’s universalist assumptions in explaining the post-colonial, sectarian, and authoritarian structures of the Middle East. Democratization is possible not merely through the importation of universal norms, but rather through historically shaped political culture, state- society relations, and the capacity of local institutions. Additionally, economic vulnerabilities and structural issues, such as spikes in food prices and security crises triggered by international interventions, have played a significant role in the failure of these democratization processes. These findings imply that the mere existence of democratic institutions does not guarantee stability; rather, they gain meaning only when evaluated in conjunction with socioeconomic resilience and relations with the international environment.

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Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Dağ, A. E., *, A. E. D. (2026). Demokrasi Teorisi ve Ortadoğu: Liberal Teori Çerçevesinde Eleştirel Bir Arap Baharı Okuması. Mülkiye Dergisi, Cilt: 50 Sayı: 2, 602–634. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1777239

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