KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

İŞ YAŞAMINDA DUYGUSAL BULAŞMA: KİŞİLİK TEMELLİ ÖNCÜLLER VE İŞ PERFORMANSINA YÖNELİK SONUÇLAR

EMOTIONAL CONTAGION IN THE WORKPLACE: PERSONALITY-BASED ANTECEDENTS AND JOB PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES

Tuğba Çelik(SAKARYA UYGULAMALI BİLİMLER ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-9877-1887
Sayfa
1122–1144
Yayın Tarihi
2026-09-30
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Bulgulara göre Karanlık Kişilik özelliklerinin hiçbiri duygusal bulaşmayı yordamamış, Büyük Beşli kişilik özelliklerinden ise dışadönüklük, uyumluluk ve nevrotikliğin duygusal bulaşmayı yordadığı bulunmuştur.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Duygusal bulaşma, çalışma yaşamında sınırlı incelenen bir konudur ve iş yaşamında duygusal bulaşmanın kişilik özellikleri bakımından öncüllerine ve duygusal bulaşmanın iş çıktıları açısından yansımalarına dair hâlen yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Çalışmaya Sakarya’da özel sektörde faaliyet gösteren 256 çalışan çevrimiçi anket vasıtasıyla katılmıştır.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Bulgulara göre Karanlık Kişilik özelliklerinin hiçbiri duygusal bulaşmayı yordamamış, Büyük Beşli kişilik özelliklerinden ise dışadönüklük, uyumluluk ve nevrotikliğin duygusal bulaşmayı yordadığı bulunmuştur.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Duygusal Bulaşma · Kişilik · Karanlık Üçlü

Özet

Duygusal bulaşma, çalışma yaşamında sınırlı incelenen bir konudur ve iş yaşamında duygusal bulaşmanın kişilik özellikleri bakımından öncüllerine ve duygusal bulaşmanın iş çıktıları açısından yansımalarına dair hâlen yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu çalışmada hem Karanlık Üçlü hem de Büyük Beşli kişilik özelliklerinin duygusal bulaşmayı nasıl yordadığı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, duygusal bulaşmanın işyerleri açısından önemini anlamak için duygusal bulaşmanın iş performansı ile ilişkisi de test edilmiştir. Çalışmaya Sakarya’da özel sektörde faaliyet gösteren 256 çalışan çevrimiçi anket vasıtasıyla katılmıştır. Veriler tanımlayıcı istatistikler, içsel tutarlılık testleri, korelasyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgulara göre Karanlık Kişilik özelliklerinin hiçbiri duygusal bulaşmayı yordamamış, Büyük Beşli kişilik özelliklerinden ise dışadönüklük, uyumluluk ve nevrotikliğin duygusal bulaşmayı yordadığı bulunmuştur. Pozitif duyguların bulaşması iş performansı ile pozitif ilişkili bulunurken, negatif duyguların bulaşması iş performansı ile ilişkilenmemiştir. Bulgular, duygusal bulaşmada kişilik özelliklerinin özellikle Büyük Beşli bağlamında kritik rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, Karanlık kişilik özellikleri de düşünüldüğü kadar duygusal bulaşma ile ters yönde ilişkili çıkmamıştır. Son olarak, işyerinde pozitif duyguların yayılmasının çalışanların performansını artırıcı bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir

Abstract

Emotional contagion is a topic that has received limited attention in the workplace, and there is still a lack of research on the antecedents of emotional contagion (in terms of personality traits) in the workplace, as well as its implications for job outcomes. Therefore, the present study examined how both the Dark Triad and the Big Five personality traits predict emotional contagion in the workplace. Furthermore, the relationship between emotional contagion and job performance was also tested to understand the importance of emotional contagion for organizations. 256 employees operating in several private sectors in Sakarya participated in the study via an online survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, internal consistency tests, correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis. According to the findings, none of the Dark Personality traits predicted emotional contagion, while the Big Five personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism significantly predicted emotional contagion. While positive emotional contagion was positively associated with job performance, negative emotional contagion was not. The findings highlight the critical role of personality traits in emotional contagion, particularly in the context of the Big Five. Furthermore, Dark Personality traits were not as negatively correlated with emotional contagion as previously thought. Finally, the spread of positive emotions in the workplace enhanced employee performance.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Çelik, T. (2026). İŞ YAŞAMINDA DUYGUSAL BULAŞMA: KİŞİLİK TEMELLİ ÖNCÜLLER VE İŞ PERFORMANSINA YÖNELİK SONUÇLAR. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 1122–1144. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1855800

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (86)

  1. Ali Moussa, M., & Khretan Alenezi, A. (2022). Predictive accuracy of social comparison, five big factors of personality on mood contagion among social networking users of universities students. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 11(3), 470–486
  2. Ali, F., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2010). Investigating theory of mind deficits in nonclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.015
  3. Ali, F., Amorim, I. S., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.016
  4. Anderson, N. E., Steele, V. R., Maurer, J. M., Rao, V., Koenigs, M. R., Decety, … Kiehl, K. A. (2017). Differentiating emotional processing and attention in psychopathy with functional neuroimaging. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(3), 491–515. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-016-0493-5
  5. Andrew, J., Cooke, M., & Muncer, S. J. (2008). The relationship between empathy and Machiavellianism: An alternative to empathizing-systemizing theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.014
  6. Anitha, E. G., Suganthi, L., Rajesh, J. I., & Sumathi, G. N. (2024). Emotional contagion—as a moderator in personality and organizational citizenship behavior relationship. Business Perspectives and Research, 12(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/227853372211488
  7. Aydemir, A. (2016). Susceptibility to emotional contagion in health organizations: Impact on organizational commitment and intention to stay (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  8. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1996). Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive validity of personality constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.261
  9. Barsade, S. G., Coutifaris, C. G., & Pillemer, J. (2018). Emotional contagion in organizational life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 38, 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.005
  10. Baskin-Sommers, A., Krusemark, E., & Ronningstam, E. (2014). Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000061
  11. Benet-Martinez, V., & John, O. (1998). Los cinco grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod of the big five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(3), 729-750. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729
  12. Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G., Richell, R. A., Kelly, S., Leonard, A., Newman, C., … Scott, S. K. (2002). Turning a deaf ear to fear: Impaired recognition of vocal affect in psychopathic individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(4), 682–686. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.682
  13. Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006
  14. Campbell, W. K., Reeder, G. D., Sedikides, C., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Narcissism and comparative self-enhancement strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2282
  15. Campos, C., Pasion, R., Azeredo, A., Ramião, E., Mazer, P., Macedo, I., … Barbosa, F. (2022). Refining the link between psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and empathy: A meta-analytical approach across different conceptual frameworks. Clinical Psychology Review, 94, 102145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102145
  16. Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York, NY: Academic Press.
  17. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(3), 316.
  18. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity: An attempt to reinterpret the so-called psychopathic personality. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
  19. Cordeiro, T. C. O. (2022). O contágio emocional na Dark Tetrad (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Universidade do Algarve, Portugal. https://doi.org/10.34623/2ssg-hq94
  20. Czarna, A. Z., Wróbel, M., Dufner, M., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2015). Narcissism and emotional contagion: Do narcissists “catch” the emotions of others? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 318–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559652
  21. Czibor, A., & Bereczkei, T. (2012). Machiavellian people’s success results from monitoring their partners. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(3), 202-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.005
  22. Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin iş gören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35–46.
  23. Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., … Merz, S. (2009). Learning to ‘talk the talk’: The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02058.x
  24. DeYoung, C. G., Hirsh, J. B., Shane, M. S., Papademetris, X., Rajeevan, N., & Gray, J. R. (2010). Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: Brain structure and the Big Five. Psychological Science, 21(6), 820–828. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610370159
  25. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221
  26. Doherty, R. W. (1997). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024956003661
  27. Duradoni, M., Gursesli, M. C., Fiorenza, M., Donati, A., & Guazzini, A. (2023). Cognitive empathy and the Dark Triad: A literature review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(11), 2642–2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110184
  28. Ekanayake, E. M. H. L., & Weerasinghe, T. D. (2019). Impact of emotional contagion on work performance of employees. Kelaniya Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.4038/kjhrm.v14i2.59
  29. Fehr, B., Samson, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In D. L.
  30. Paulhus, K. M. Williams, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 9, pp. 77–116). New York, NY: Routledge.
  31. Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10-year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
  32. Gelvin-Smith, C. (2015). Psychopathy, emotional contagion, and empathy (Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  33. Graziano, W. G., & Eisenberg, N. (1997). Agreeableness: A dimension of personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 795–824). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50031-7
  34. Green S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate behavioral research, 26(3), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7
  35. Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(1), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854896023001004
  36. Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual review of clinical psychology, 4, 217–246. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
  37. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  38. Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Le, Y. C. L. (2011). Emotional contagion and empathy. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 19–30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  39. Huang, P., & Dai, C. (2010). The impacts of emotional contagion and emotional labor perception on employees’ service performance. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 8, 68–79.
  40. Jensen, T. T. (2016). Influence of personality on emotional contagion through social media (Honors Scholar Theses, No. 480). University of Connecticut. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/480
  41. Jonason, P. K., & Sherman, R. A. (2020). Personality and the perception of situations: The Big Five and Dark Triad traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110081
  42. Jonason, P. K., Webster, G. D., Schmitt, D. P., Li, N. P., & Crysel, L. (2012). The antihero in popular culture: Life history theory and the Dark Triad personality traits. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027914
  43. Jones, D. N., & Figueredo, A. J. (2013). The core of darkness: Uncovering the heart of the Dark Triad. European Journal of Personality, 27(6), 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1893
  44. Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Individual differences in social behavior (pp. 93–108). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  45. Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/256874
  46. Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(2), 243–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516601400201
  47. Kosson, D. S., Suchy, Y., Mayer, A. R., & Libby, J. (2002). Facial affect recognition in criminal psychopaths. Emotion, 2(4), 398–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.2.4.398
  48. Kyranides, M. N., & Neofytou, L. (2021). Primary and secondary psychopathic traits: The role of attachment and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 182, 111106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111106
  49. Kyranides, M. N., Lu, K. M., & Ten Seldam, S. (2024). Differences in emotional contagion, interpersonal relationships and social rewards in males and females: Examining the links with primary and secondary psychopathic traits. Current Psychology, 43, 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04236-6
  50. Kyranides, M. N., Petridou, M., Gokani, H. A., Hill, S., & Fanti, K. A. (2023). Reading and reacting to faces: The effect of facial mimicry in improving facial emotion recognition in individuals with antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits. Current Psychology, 42(17), 14306–14319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02560-7
  51. Liyanagamage, N., Fernando, M., & Gibbons, B. (2023). The emotional Machiavellian: Interactions between leaders and employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 186(3), 657–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05259-0
  52. Luckhurst, C., Hatfield, E., & Gelvin-Smith, C. (2017). Capacity for empathy and emotional contagion in those with psychopathic personalities. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 11(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11i1.247
  53. Lundqvist, L. O. (2008). The relationship between the Biosocial Model of Personality and susceptibility to emotional contagion: A structural equation modeling approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.003
  54. Mahmut, M. K., Homewood, J., & Stevenson, R. J. (2008). The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are they similar to criminal psychopaths? Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.002
  55. Marx, A. K., Frenzel, A. C., Fiedler, D., & Reck, C. (2024). Susceptibility to positive versus negative emotional contagion: First evidence on their distinction using a balanced self-report measure. PloS One, 19(5), e0302890. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302890
  56. Massey-Abernathy, A., & Byrd-Craven, J. (2016). Seeing but not feeling: Machiavellian traits in relation to physiological empathetic responding and life experiences. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2(3), 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-016-0041-9
  57. McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
  58. Mooradian, T. A., Davis, M., & Matzler, K. (2011). Dispositional empathy and the hierarchical structure of personality. American Journal of Psychology, 124(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.124.1.0099
  59. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
  60. Newport, B. (2018). Machiavellianism: Assessing the relationship between cortisol response, personality, and life experiences. Proceedings of the National Conference on Undergraduate Research.
  61. Özsoy, E. (2019). Yöneticilerin karanlık kişilik özelliklerinin çalışanların tükenmişlik düzeylerine etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 22(1), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.501108
  62. Özsoy, E., Erol, E., Korkutata, A., & Şeker, M. (2014). Kişilik modelleri boyutlarının karşılaştırılması: A tipi ve B tipi kişilik ve beş faktör kişilik modeli. Uluslararası Hakemli Beşeri ve Akademik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(9), 1–12.
  63. Özsoy, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Ak Şahinoğlu, Z. (2024). The Big Five and Dark Triad personality traits as predictors of emotional labour. Australian Journal of Psychology, 76(1), 2389842. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2024.2389842
  64. Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.019
  65. Parkinson, B. (1996). Emotions are social. British Journal of Psychology, 87(4), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02615.x
  66. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
  67. Petitta, L., Probst, T. M., Ghezzi, V., & Barbaranelli, C. (2019). Cognitive failures in response to emotional contagion: Their effects on workplace accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 125, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.018
  68. Petitta, L., Probst, T. M., Ghezzi, V., & Barbaranelli, C. (2023). The impact of emotional contagion on workplace safety: Investigating the roles of sleep, health, and production pressure. Current Psychology, 42(3), 2362–2376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01616-8
  69. Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: a neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013
  70. Rentfrow, P. J., Mellander, C., & Florida, R. (2009). Happy states of America: A state-level analysis of psychological, economic, and social well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.08.007
  71. Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preissler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., … Roepke, S. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 187(1–2), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.013
  72. Rothmann, S., & Coetzer, E. P. (2003). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88
  73. Shahri, F., Zabihzadeh, A., Taqipanahi, A., Haromi, M. E., Rasouli, M., Saeidi Nik, A., … Eddy, C. M. (2024). I understand your pain but I do not feel it: Lower affective empathy in response to others' social pain in narcissism. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1350133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1350133
  74. Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and Big Five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0171665. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171665
  75. Stavrova, O. (2015). How regional personality affects individuals’ life satisfaction: A case of emotional contagion? Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.05.001
  76. Suls, J., & Martin, R. (2005). The daily life of the garden-variety neurotic: Reactivity, stressor exposure, mood spillover, and maladaptive coping. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1485–1510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00356.x
  77. Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2005). Big five personality traits as the distal predictors of road accident involvement. In Underwood, G. (Ed.), Traffic and transport psychology (pp. 215-227). Elsevier Ltd.
  78. Tella, M. D., Veggi, S., Benfante, A., Jolliffe, D., Farrington, D. P., Castelli, L., … Zara, G. (2024). Wandering in the darkness of personality: Empathy, alexithymia and their relationship to the Dark Tetrad. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 5, 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100160
  79. Turner, I. N., Foster, J. D., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The Dark Triad's inverse relations with cognitive and emotional empathy: High-powered tests with multiple measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.030
  80. Van Kleef, G. A., & Côté, S. (2022). The social effects of emotions. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 629–658. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-010855
  81. Vijayalakshmi, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2012). Emotional contagion and its relevance to individual behavior and organizational processes: A position paper. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(3), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9243-4
  82. Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
  83. Watson, P. J., Grisham, S. O., Trotter, M. V., & Biderman, M. D. (1984). Narcissism and empathy: Validity evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(3), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_12
  84. Weber, M., & Quiring, O. (2019). Is It Really That Funny? Laughter, Emotional Contagion, and Heuristic Processing During Shared Media Use. Media Psychology, 22(2), 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1302342
  85. Xerri, M. J., Cozens, R., & Brunetto, Y. (2023). Catching emotions: The moderating role of emotional contagion between leader-member exchange, psychological capital and employee well-being. Personnel Review, 52(7), 1823–1841. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2021-0785
  86. Yang, Y., & Oh, L. (2024). What factors affect empathy in people with narcissism? Pacific Journal of Health, 7(1), 11–22.