KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Enduro Tutkusu: Heyecan Arayışının Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisinde Rekreasyonel Akış Deneyimi ve Serbest Zaman Doyumu

Enduro Passion: The Mediating Role of Recreational Flow Experience and Leisure Satisfaction in the Effect of Sensation Seeking on Happiness

Tülay Avcı Taşkıran(NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2995-2817
Sayfa
30–46
Yayın Tarihi
2026-03-03
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ölçeklerden alınan ortalama puanlar arasında pozitif yönde ilişkiler bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:Yüksek düzeyde dikkat, risk ve heyecan içeren motor sporlarının bireylerde akış deneyimine yol açabileceği ve bu deneyimin de bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:Bu doğrultuda çalışma, enduro motosiklet kullanıcılarında heyecan arayışının mutluluk üzerindeki etkisini incelemek ve bu ilişkide rekreasyonel akış deneyimi ile serbest zaman doyumunun aracılık rolünü belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ölçeklerden alınan ortalama puanlar arasında pozitif yönde ilişkiler bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.
🔬Tür:Uygulamalı Anket & Alan Araştırması
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Enduro · Heyecan arayışı · Rekreasyonel akış

Özet

Yüksek düzeyde dikkat, risk ve heyecan içeren motor sporlarının bireylerde akış deneyimine yol açabileceği ve bu deneyimin de bireylerin mutluluk düzeylerini olumlu yönde etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, enduro motosiklet kullanıcılarında heyecan arayışının mutluluk üzerindeki etkisini incelemek ve bu ilişkide rekreasyonel akış deneyimi ile serbest zaman doyumunun aracılık rolünü belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın katılımcı grubunu, Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde serbest zaman etkinliği olarak enduro motosikleti kullanan 356 (Ort.yaş = 35,92 ± 8,74) kişi oluşturmuştur. İlişkisel tarama modeliyle tasarlanan bu çalışmada katılımcılar kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılar demografik bilgi formunun yanı sıra, “Heyecan Arayışı Ölçeği-Kısa Form”, “Rekreasyonel Akış Deneyimi Ölçeği”, “Serbest Zaman Doyum Ölçeği” ve “Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği-Kısa Formunu” yanıtlamışlardır. Ölçüm araçlarının güvenirlikleri Cronbach Alpha, Bileşik Güvenirlik ve Ortalama Açıklanan Varyans katsayıları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçekler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiş, yapısal eşitlik modeli (YEM) ise modelin uygunluğunu test etmek amacıyla uygulanmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ölçeklerden alınan ortalama puanlar arasında pozitif yönde ilişkiler bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. YEM sonuçları ise ölçekler arasında doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkiler olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, heyecan arayışının rekreasyonel akış deneyimi üzerinden serbest zaman doyumu aracılığıyla mutluluk düzeyini artırdığı ifade edilebilir.

Abstract

Motorsports that involve high levels of attention, risk, and excitement are believed to induce flow experiences in individuals, which in turn may positively influence their levels of happiness. This study was conducted to examine the effect of sensation seeking on happiness among enduro motorcycle users and to determine the mediating role of recreational flow experience and leisure satisfaction in this relationship. The participant group of the study consisted of 356 individuals (Mean age = 35.92 ± 8.74) who used enduro motorcycles as a leisure activity in different provinces of Türkiye. Designed with a correlational survey model, participants were selected using convenience sampling. Participants completed a demographic information form as well as the “Sensation Seeking Scale-Short Form,” “Recreational Flow Experience Scale,” “Leisure Satisfaction Scale,” and “Oxford Happiness Scale-Short Form”. The reliability of the measurement tools was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted coefficients. The relationships between the scales were examined using Pearson correlation analysis, and the structural equation model (SEM) was applied to test the model's suitability. According to the correlation analysis results, positive relationships were found between the mean scores obtained from the scales. SEM results showed direct and indirect relationships between the scales. In conclusion, it can be stated that sensation seeking increases the level of happiness through leisure satisfaction, mediated by recreational flow experience.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Taşkıran, T. A. (2026). Enduro Tutkusu: Heyecan Arayışının Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisinde Rekreasyonel Akış Deneyimi ve Serbest Zaman Doyumu. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 30–46. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1799416

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (70)

  1. Ağılönü, A., Baştuğ, G., Mutlu, T. O., ve Pala, A. (2017). Examining risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking requirement in extreme athletes. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 330-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p330
  2. Ahn, B. W., ve Song, W. I. (2024). Effect of outdoor leisure participants on leisure identity, leisure flow, leisure satisfaction, and re-participation intention. Societies, 14(2), 17, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14020017
  3. Argan, M., Argan, M. T., ve Dursun, M. T. (2018). Examining relationships among well-being, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 7(4), 49-59.
  4. Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., ve Soyer, F. (2020). Rekreasyonel katılımcılarda akış deneyiminin ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme ve doğrulama. Journal of Human Sciences, 17(4), 1297-1311.
  5. Bagozzi, R. P., ve Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34.
  6. Bağlam, Ö., ve Eskiler, E. (2023). Ekstrem spor aktivitelerinde serbest zaman ilgilenimi ile akış deneyimi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 13(4), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1503230
  7. Bertan, S. (2020). Key success factors for doing business in hot air balloon riding. Journal of Tourism and Services, 11(20), 124-131. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v11i20.131
  8. Beşikçi, T., ve Dinç, S. C. (2022). Investigating the relationships between sensation seeking and leisure satisfaction in adventure recreation: Sample of ultralight aircrafts pilots, CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 289-309. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1165496
  9. Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S. H., ve Hodge, K. (2020). Flow states in adventure recreation: A systematic review and thematic synthesis, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 46, 101611, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101611
  10. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı, istatistik, araştırma deseni, spss uygulamaları ve yorum (24. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  11. Cater, C., Albayrak, T., Caber, M., ve Taylor, S. (2021). Flow, satisfaction and storytelling: A causal relationship? Evidence from scuba diving in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(12), 1749-1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803221
  12. Chang, H. H. (2017). Gender differences in leisure involvement and flow experience in professional extreme sport activities. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2016.1166152
  13. Cheng, T. M., Hung, S. H., ve Chen, M. T. (2016). The influence of leisure involvement on flow experience during hiking activity: Using psychological commitment as a mediate variable. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2014.1002507
  14. Choi, S., ve Yoo, Y. (2017). Leisure attitude and satisfaction with leisure and life: Proposing leisure prioritization and justification. World Leisure Journal, 59(2), 140-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2016.1216886
  15. Coffey, J. K., ve Csikszentmihályi, M. (2016). Finding ow during a vacation: using optimal experiences to improve health. In The Routledge handbook of health tourism (pp. 107-116). Routledge.
  16. Collins, A. L., Sarkisian, N., ve Winner, E. (2009). Flow and happiness in later life: An investigation into the role of daily and weekly flow experiences. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 703-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9116-3
  17. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology. New York: Springer.
  18. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life. New York: Basic Books.
  19. Deci, E. D., ve Rayn, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (1nd Ed.). New York: Springer Science Business Media LLC.
  20. Diener, E., Kesebir, P., ve Tov, W. (2009). Happiness. In M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 147-160). New York, NY: Guilford
  21. Dilmaç, E., ve Tezcan, N. (2024). The impact of the recreational flow experience on the perception of wellness among individuals engaged in extreme sports. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 8(3), 734-749. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1540910
  22. Du Cap, M. C. (2002). The perceived impact of the acadia advantage program on the leisure lifestyle and leisure satisfaction of the students at Acadia University (Master Thesis), Acadia University, Ottawa, Canada.
  23. Engeser, S., ve Schiepe-Tiska, A. (2012). Historical Lines and an Overview of Current Research on Flow. In: S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in Flow Research, London: Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg
  24. Ekinci, E., ve Gürbüz, B. (2025). Outdoor Adventure Recreation: The Mediating Role of Flow Experience in the Relationship Between Adventure Behavior Seeking and Leisure Satisfaction. Sportive, 8(2), 168-193. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1698950
  25. Ewert, A., Zwart, R., ve Davidson, C. (2020). Underlying motives for selected adventure recreation activities: The case for eudaimonics and hedonics. Behavioral Sciences, 10(12), 185, 1-12 https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10120185
  26. Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with 150 unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  27. Gomài Freixanet, M., Martha, C., ve Muro, A. (2012). Does the sensation seeking trait differ among participants engaged in sports with different levels of physical risk? Anales de Psicología, 28(1), 223-232.
  28. Guszkowska, M., ve Bołdak, A. (2010). Sensation seeking in males involved in recreational high risk sports. Biology of Sport, 27(3), 157-162.
  29. Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., ve Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: Updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123.
  30. Hair, Jr. J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., ve Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
  31. Hakoköngäs, E., ve Puhakka, R. (2023). Happiness from nature? Adolescents’ conceptions of the relation between happiness and nature in Finland. Leisure Sciences, 45(7), 665-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.1877584
  32. Hassan Mounir Radwan, E., Abd Elhameed Abd Elmawla, D., ve Baleegh Meawad Elsayed, E. (2024). Effectiveness of physical and social leisure activities program participation on feeling of loneliness, happiness and self-esteem among institutionalized elderly. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 15(1), 1728-1744. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2024.350817
  33. Hills, P., ve Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 33(7), 1073–1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  34. Houge Mackenzie, S., Boudreau, P., ve Hodge, K. (2023). Evaluating a model of flow and clutch optimal psychological states in adventure recreation. Leisure Sciences, 47(8), 2000-2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2023.2261917
  35. Houge Mackenzie, S., ve Hodge, K. (2020). Adventure recreation and subjective well-being: A conceptual framework. Leisure Studies, 39(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1577478
  36. Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., ve Donohew, R. L. (2002). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(3), 401-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00032-0
  37. Ito, E., Walker, G. J., Liu, H., ve Mitas, O. (2017). A cross-cultural/national study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students' leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being. Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1165637
  38. Jack, S. J., ve Ronan, K. R. (1998). Sensation seeking among high-and low-risk sports participants. Personality and Individual differences, 25(6), 1063-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00081-6
  39. Jackson, S. A., Eklund, R. C., Gordon, A., Norsworthy, C., Mackenzie, S. H., Hodge, K., ve Stephen, S. A. (2023). Flow and outdoor adventure recreation: Using flow measures to re-examine motives for participation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 102427, 1-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102427
  40. Kar, D., ve Roy, P. K. (2020). How temperament, character, flow state & motivation play role in adventure & non-adventure sports: A comparative study. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 6(9), 56-70 https://doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v6i9.3461
  41. Kaya, S. (2016). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and happiness among college students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(3), 622-631. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040322
  42. Kayış, A. (2014). Güvenilirlik Analizi (Reliability Analysis), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ş. Kalaycı, (Ed.). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  43. Kerr, J. H., ve Mackenzie, S. H. (2012). Multiple motives for participating in adventure sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.002
  44. Khanna, A., Bagouri, E. O., Gougoulias, N., ve Maffulli, N. (2015). Sport injuries in enduro riders: A review of literature. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 5(3), 200-202.
  45. Kirkwood, L. A., Ingram, L. A., Cunningham, J., Malone, E., ve Florida-James, G. D. (2017). Physiological characteristics and performance in elite enduro mountain biking. Journal of Science and Cycling, 6(2), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.28985/171231.jsc.09
  46. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Press.
  47. Liu, H., Chen, X., ve Zhang, H. (2021). Leisure satisfaction and happiness: The moderating role of religion. Leisure Studies, 40(2), 212-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1808051
  48. Lu, L., ve Kao, S. F. (2009). Direct and indirect effects of personality traits on leisure satisfaction: Evidence from a national probability sample in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(2),191-192.
  49. Mancin, P., Ionel, M. S., Cerea, S., Riva, E. F., Rapisarda, M., ve Ghisi, M. (2025). Riding with the flow: Study on intrinsic motivation, dispositional flow, and sensation seeking among Italian motorcycle racers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7, 1501123, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1501123
  50. Nakamura, J., ve Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The Concept of Flow. In: C.R. Snyder, S.J. Lopez, (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
  51. Nawijn, J., ve Veenhoven, R. (2012). Happiness through leisure. In Positive leisure science: From subjective experience to social contexts (pp. 193-209). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  52. Neal, J. D., Sirgy, M. J., ve Uysal, M. (1999). The role of satisfaction with leisure travel/tourism services and experience in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life. Journal of Business Research, 44(3), 153-163.
  53. Polechoński, J., Szczechowicz, B., Ryśnik, J., ve Tomik, R. (2024). Recreational cycling provides greater satisfaction and flow in an immersive virtual environment than in real life. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 31, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-024-00818-4
  54. Ruch, W., ve Zuckerman, M. (2001). Sensation Seeking and adolescence. In Risikoverhaltensweisen Jugendlicher: Formen, Erklärungen und Prävention (pp. 97-110). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
  55. Schiepe-Tiska, A., ve Engeser, S. (2012). Flow in Nonachievement Situations. In: S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in Flow Research, New York: Springer.
  56. Siraj, R., Najam, B., ve Ghazal, S. (2021). Sensation seeking, peer influence, and risk‐taking behavior in adolescents. Education Research International, 2021(1), 8403024, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8403024
  57. Spooner, V. H., Chan-Tin, E., ve Kennison, S. M. (2024). Sensation Seeking Adjective Markers (SSAM): Development and validation of a new sensation seeking measure. Current Psychology, 43(47), 36416-36424.
  58. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., ve Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education
  59. Tian, H., Zhou, W., Qiu, Y., ve Zou, Z. (2022). The role of recreation specialization and self-efficacy on life satisfaction: the mediating effect of flow experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3243, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063243
  60. Tokay Argan, M., Koçak, F., Gürbüz, B., Argan, M., ve Dinç, H. (2024). Exploring the relationships among fear of missing out (FoMO), sensation seeking and leisure activity participation. World Leisure Journal, 66(2), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2023.2244452
  61. Tsaur, S. H., Yen, C. H., ve Hsiao, S. L. (2013). Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1881
  62. Uzun, M., Osmanoğlu, H., ve Güney, G. (2022). A study of the relationship between sensation-seeking and leisure satisfaction among cycling athletes: A case study of the cycling festival, International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 7(16), 368-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.536
  63. Wang, M., ve Wong, M. S. (2014). Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 85-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9417-z
  64. Weishaar, M. G., Kentopp, S. D., Wallace, G. T., ve Conner, B. T. (2023). An investigation of the effects of sensation seeking and impulsivity on extreme sport participation and injury using path analysis. Journal of American College Health, 71(5), 1522-1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1942008
  65. Willig, C. (2008). A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in ‘Extreme sports’. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(5), 690-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307082459
  66. Yalçın, C., Altındöker, M., ve Yıldız, H. (2025). The moderating role of leisure satisfaction in the effect of peer relationships on happiness in adolescents. Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns, 6(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v6i1.278
  67. Yavaş-Tez, Ö., ve Deveci, M. E. (2022). Kayak ve snowboarda ilişkin heyecan arayışının akış durumuna etkisi: Cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolü. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.1114296
  68. Yerlisu Lapa, T. (2013). Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recreation participants, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93(2013), 1985-1993.
  69. Yıldırım-Yenier, Z., Vingilis, E., Wiesenthal, D. L., Mann, R. E., ve Seeley, J. (2016). Relationships between thrill seeking, speeding attitudes, and driving violations among a sample of motorsports spectators and drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 86(2016), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.014
  70. Zuckerman, M. (2015). Sensation seeking: behavioral expressions and biosocial bases. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.25036-8