KaydedilenlerDerginizi ekleyin

Dergiler / Anadolu Araştırmaları / 2026 / Issue: 32

“Nu GIŠERIN Ì.NUN LÀL ḫu-u-uš-za-˹ša˺? ša-me-ši-ia-zi”: Representations of Incense on Cylinder Seals Impressions of the Kārum II Period

Nejla Alper(Uşak University, Graduate School/Department of Archaeology)0000-0003-1172-8518
Rainer M. Czichon(Uşak University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences/Department of Archaeology)0000-0002-8246-9229
Sayfa
—
Yayın Tarihi
2025-07-25
🏛️Bu makalenin bibliyografik verileri ve tam metin bağlantısı DergiPark üzerinden sağlanmıştır.
DergiPark Kaydı ↗
✨

Yapay Zeka Hızlı Bakış & Çıkarımlar

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(1 Cümlede Hızlı Çıkarım)

For this reason, vessel representations on seal impressions from the Kārum II Period, Hittite cuneiform texts, especially the Ḫantitaššu Ritual, and a lipid analysis of a Late Bronze Age chalice from Beycesultan were evaluated together.

📌 3 Maddede Bu Makale

🎯
Amaç & Hipotez:The fragrant smoke produced by burning the bark, leaves, branches, resins, flowers and perfumed oils of fragrant plants has been used from past to present to bring people closer to the gods, thus alleviating their fears and calming them.
📊
Temel Bulgular & Veri:With regard to the effects of incense on human life in the Bronze Age various types of incense vessels, that may have been used in Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC, were investigated.
💡
Sonuç & Katkı:For this reason, vessel representations on seal impressions from the Kārum II Period, Hittite cuneiform texts, especially the Ḫantitaššu Ritual, and a lipid analysis of a Late Bronze Age chalice from Beycesultan were evaluated together.
🔬Tür:Research Article
📍Kapsam:Genişletilmiş Akademik Örneklem
⚙️Değişkenler:Incense · Bronze Age · Ritual of Ḫantitaššu

Abstract

The fragrant smoke produced by burning the bark, leaves, branches, resins, flowers and perfumed oils of fragrant plants has been used from past to present to bring people closer to the gods, thus alleviating their fears and calming them. Fragrant smoke, i.e. incense, has a purifying effect thanks to the chemical properties of aromatics. It has become a magical element that helps to cure diseases and to convey news from the gods to people with the different shapes it takes. By this means, it was included into everyday life, military matters, royal ceremonies, medical practices, festival celebrations, and religious matters such as funeral rites and rituals of penance. With regard to the effects of incense on human life in the Bronze Age various types of incense vessels, that may have been used in Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BC, were investigated. For this reason, vessel representations on seal impressions from the Kārum II Period, Hittite cuneiform texts, especially the Ḫantitaššu Ritual, and a lipid analysis of a Late Bronze Age chalice from Beycesultan were evaluated together.

🔖

Bu Makaleye Atıf Yap

Alper, N., Czichon, R. M. (2025). “Nu GIŠERIN Ì.NUN LÀL ḫu-u-uš-za-˹ša˺? ša-me-ši-ia-zi”: Representations of Incense on Cylinder Seals Impressions of the Kārum II Period. Anadolu Araştırmaları, Issue: 32. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.32.1663223

📄 Tam Metin PDF Okuyucu

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

Kaynakça (94)

  1. Abulhad, S. D. (2020). Adam and the early Mesopotamian creation mythology. In Lost in translation, presumption, and interpretation: Adam, Noah, and the Ancient Mesopotamian mythology of the creation and the flood (7-20). Advance online publication. https:// academicworks.cuny.edu/oaa_pubs/17/ google scholar
  2. Abusch, T. (2016). The magical ceremony Maqlû: A critical edition. Brill. google scholar
  3. Akkuş Mutlu, S. (2021). Eski Önasya toplumlarında tütsü kullanımı ve kültürümüze yansımaları. Turkish Studies – Historical Analysis, 16(2), 215-230. https://dx.doi.org/10.47846/TurkishStudies.50770 google scholar
  4. Alper, N., & Czichon R. M. (2019). Eski Mezopotamya tıbbı ve günümüz Anadolu’su geleneksel hak tıbbı: Benzer yöntemler ve bu yöntemlerin inançlarla bağlantıları. Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, (62), 45-62. google scholar
  5. Andrae, W. (1922). Die Archaischen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur. J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. google scholar
  6. Battini, L. (2018). Le nez en archéologie: une histoire de parfums. Sociétés humaines du Proche-Orient ancien. https://doi.org/10.58079/ b5k2 google scholar
  7. Black, J., & Green A. (2004). Lama (Lamassu). In Gods, demons and symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An illustrated dictionary (4th ed., 115). The British Museum Press. google scholar
  8. Black, J., & Green A. (2004). Seven (Gods). In Gods, demons and symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An illustrated dictionary (4th ed., 162). The British Museum Press. google scholar
  9. Black, J., George, A., & Postgate, N. (Eds.). (2000). Qatāru I-II. In A concise dictionary of Akkadian (2nd ed., 286). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
  10. Boehmer, R. M. (1965). Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit, Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Walter de Gruyter & Co. google scholar
  11. Boehmer, R. M. (1957-1971). Götterdarstellungen in der Bildkunst. In E. Ebeling, B. Meissner, E. Weidner & W. von Soden (Eds.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Band 3, Fabel-Gyges und Nâchtrag, 466-469). Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  12. Boehmer, R. M. (1980-1983). Kopfbedeckung B. In D. O. Edzard (Ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Band 6, Klagegesang-Libanon, 203-210). Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  13. Brinkman, J. A., Civil, M., Gelb, I. J., Oppenheim, A. L. & Reiner, E. (Eds.) (1995). Qatāru. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Vol. 13-Q, 2nd ed.). The Oriental Institute. google scholar
  14. Bursi, A. (2020). Scents of space: Early Islamic pilgrimage, perfume, and paradise. Arabica, 67(2-3), 200-234. google scholar
  15. Can, M. (2020). Osmanlı kültüründe tütsü. Tarih Araştırmaları II, 75-95. google scholar
  16. Collon, D. (1988). First impressions: Cylinder seals in the Ancient Near East. The University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  17. Costas, H. (2014). Analysis of the ‘ballstaff’ and ‘cross’ symbols in Mesopotamian glyptic art from the Isin/Larsa to Neo-Babylonian Periods [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University College London. google scholar
  18. Coşkun, Y. (1979). Boğazköy metinlerinde geçen bazı seçme kap isimleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. google scholar
  19. Cousin, L. (2016). Beauty experts: Female perfume-makers in the 1st millennium bc. In B. Lion & C. Michel (Eds.). The role of women in work and society in the Ancient Near East (512-525). Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  20. Czichon, R. M. & Werner, P. (1990). Tall Munbāqa-Ekalte I: Die bronzezeitlichen Kleinfunde. Saarbrücken: Saarbrücken Druckerei und Verlag. google scholar
  21. Czichon, R. M., Klinger, J., Hnila, P., Mielke, D. P., Behrendt, S., Böhm, H., Breuer, M., Forster, C. Griggs, C., Klein, M., Koch, M., Kunst, G. K., Lehmann, M., Lorentzen, B., Manning, S. W., Marklein, K., Purschwitz, C., Rössner, C., Tappert, C., Gillmeister, M. A. V (2019). Archäologische Forschungen am Oymaağaç Höyük/Nerik 2016–2018. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin 151, 37-200. google scholar
  22. Çilingir Cesur, S. (2020). Hititlerde ritüel ve büyü. Vakıfbank Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  23. Dalley, S. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the flood, Gilgamesh and others. Oxford University Press Inc. google scholar
  24. Dedeoğlu, F. (2016). A study on chalices from beycesultan: their function, social meanıng and cultural ınteraction. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 16(2), 13-32. google scholar
  25. Dedeoğlu, F., & Abay, E. (2014). Beycesultan Höyük excavation project: New archaeological evidence from Late Bronze layers. Arkeoloji Dergisi, (XIX), 1-39. google scholar
  26. Edzard, D. O. (1997). Gudea and his dynasty. University of Toronto Press. google scholar
  27. Erdem, S. (1992). Buhur. In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (6), 383-384). TDV Yayınları. google scholar
  28. Frankfort, H. (1939). Cylinder seals: A documentary essay on the art and religion of the Ancient Near East. Macmillan and Co. google scholar
  29. Fowler, M. D. (1984). “BA” guide to artifacts: Excavated ıncense burners. Biblical Archaeologist, 47(3), 183-186. google scholar
  30. Haas, V. (1994). Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. E. J. Brill. google scholar
  31. Haas, V. (2013). Materia magica et medica hethitica: Ein Beitrag zur Heilkunde im Alten Orient. Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  32. Hammann, S., Scurr, D. J., Alexander, M. R. & Cramp, L. J. E. (2020). Mechanisms of lipid preservation in archaeological clay ceramics revealed by mass spectrometry imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(26), 14688-14693. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922445117 google scholar
  33. Herrera, M. D. (2012). Holy smoke: The use of ıncense in the Catholic Church (2nd ed.). Tixlini Scriptorium, Inc. google scholar
  34. Hrouda B. & Spanos P. Z. (1993). Bemerkungen zum zuckerhutähnlichen Symbol auf altanatolischen Stieren. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, (43), 199-330. google scholar
  35. Irto, A., Micalizzi, G., Bretti, C., Chiaia, V., Mondello, L., & Cardiano, P. (2022). Lipid in archaeological pottery: A review on their sampling and extraction techniques. Molecules, 27(3451), 1-23, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113451 google scholar
  36. Jursa, M. (2006-2008). Räucherung, Rauchopfer A. In M. P. Streck (Ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Band 11, Prinz, Prinzessin-Samug, 225-229). Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  37. Katz, H. (2016). Portable shrine models: Ancient architectural clay models from the Levant. British Archaeological Reports Ltd. google scholar
  38. Kenna, M. E. (2005). Why does ıncence smell religious?: The anthropology of smell meets Greek Orthodoxy. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 15(1), 1-20. google scholar
  39. Kletter, R. (2015). Conclusions: Yavneh, incense, votive objects and Philistine ethnicity. In R. Kletter, I. Ziffer & W. Zwickel (Eds.), Yavneh II: The ‘Temple Hill’ repository pit (224-260). Academic Press-Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. google scholar
  40. Kloekhorst, A. (2008). Tuhhuessar. In Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon (892-893). Brill. google scholar
  41. Kulakoğlu, F., & Kangal, S. (Eds.) (2011). Anadolu’nun önsözü, Kültepe Kaniş-Karumu, Asurlular İstanbul’da. Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
  42. Larsen, M T. (2015). Ancient Kanesh: A merchant colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  43. Lassen, A. W. (2014). The Old Assyrian glyptic style: An investigation of a seal style, its owners, and place of production. In L. Atıcı, F. Kulakoglu, A. Fairbairn & G. Barjamovic (Eds.), Current resaerch at Kültepe-Kanesh: An interdisciplinary and integrative approach to trade networks, internationalism, and identity (107-122). Lockwood Press. google scholar
  44. Lassen, A. W. (2024). The seals of the Šalim-Aššur Family (94/K). In F. Kulakoğlu & C. Michel (Eds.), Kültepe at the crossroads between disciplines: Society, settlement and environment from the fourth to the first millennium bc (117-132). Brepols Publishers n.v. google scholar
  45. Lau, D. (2018). Von Assur nach Anatolien und zurück-Gedanken zur Bedeutung eines altassyrischen Motivs (159-170). In K. Kaniuth, D. Lau & D. Wicke (Eds.), Übergangszeiten. Altorientalische Studien für Reinhard Dittmann anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags. Marru 1. Zaphon. google scholar
  46. Maul, S. M. (2013). Die Wahrsagekunst im Alten Orient, Zeichen des Himmels und der Erde. Verlag C. H. Beck oHG. google scholar
  47. Mazzoni, S., Melis, S., D'Amore, P., Guzzo, M. G. A., Soldi, S., Minunno, G., Matermawi, M, Matthiae, G. S., Aletta, G., Virgilio, F., Scigliuzzo, E., Felli, C., Merluzzi, E., Morbidelli, P., Pedrazzi, T., Procacci, G., Chiti, B., Venturi, F., Melchiorri, V., … & Wilkens, B. (2005). Tell Afis (Syria) 2002-2004, Egitto e Vicino Oriente, 28, 4-210. google scholar
  48. McDonald, J. K. (1992). The conservation of the wall paintings. In R. S. Bianchi, J. K. McDonald, M. I. Bakr & M. A. Corzo (Eds.), In the tomb of Nefertari: Conservation of the wall paintings (12-36). The J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Conservation Institute. google scholar
  49. Michel, C. (2011). The Kārum Period on the plateau. In S. R. Steadman & G. McMahon (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Ancient Anatolia (313-336). Oxford University Press, Inc. google scholar
  50. Middeke-Conlin, R. (2014). The scents of Larsa: A study of the aromatics idustry in an Old Babylonian Kingdom, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, (1), 1-53. google scholar
  51. Namdar, D., Neumann, R. & Weiner, S. (2010). Residue analysis of chalices from the repository pit. In R. Kletter, I. Ziffer & W. Zwickel (Eds.), Yavneh I: The excavation of the 'Têmple Hill' repository pit and the cult stands (167-173). Academic Press-Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. google scholar
  52. Nielsen, K. (1986). Incense in Ancient Israel. E. J. Brill. google scholar
  53. Neumann, K. (2023). ‘I burn as incense for you’: Censers in Assyria and Beyond. In B. Fricke (Ed.), Holy smoke: Censers across cultures (51-80). Hirmer Verlag. google scholar
  54. Otto, A. (2024). Law and justice in Kaneš and its depiction on cylinder seals: A new interpretation of the motifs ‘ball-staff’ and ‘pot’. In F. Kulakoğlu & C. Michel (Eds.), Kültepe at the crossroads between disciplines: Society, settlement and environment from the fourth to the first millennium bc (33-53). Brepols Publishers n.v. google scholar
  55. Ørberg, H. H. (1998). in-cendere, -disse -ēnsum. In Lingua Latina per se Illustrata: Pars II: Latin-English Vocabulary II (18). Focus Publishing. google scholar
  56. Ökse, A. T. (1993). Önasya arkeolojisi seramik terimleri. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  57. Ökse, A. T. (2005). Early Bronze Age chamber tomb complexes at Gre Virike (period IIA) on the Middle Euphrates. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, (339), 21-46. google scholar
  58. Ökse, A. T. (2006). Early Bronze Age graves at Gre Virike (period II B), an extraordinary cemetery on the Middle Euphrates. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 65(1), 1-38. google scholar
  59. Özgen, İ. & Öztürk, J. (1996). Heritage recovered: The Lydian treasure. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture General Directorate of Monuments and Museum. google scholar
  60. Özgüç, N. (1965). Kültepe mühür baskılarında Anadolu grubu. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  61. Özgüç, N. (1968). Kaniš Karumu ıb katı mühür baskıları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  62. Özgüç, N. (2006). Kültepe-Kaniš/Neša: yerli Peruwa ve Aššur-ımittī’nin oğlu Assur’lu tüccar Uṣur-ša-Ištar’ın arşivlerine ait kil zarfların mühür baskıları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  63. Özgüç, N. (2015). Acemhöyük-Burušhaddum I: Silindir mühürler ve mühür baskılı bullalar. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  64. Özgüç, N. & Tunca, Ö. (2001). Kültepe-Kaniš: Mühürlü ve yazıtlı kil bullalar. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  65. Özgüç, T. (1950). Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından yapılan Kültepe kazısı raporu 1948. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  66. Özgüç, T. (1988). İnandıktepe: Eski Hitit Çağı’nda önemli bir kült merkezi. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  67. Özgüç, T., & Özgüç, N. (1953). Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından yapılan Kültepe kazısı raporu 1949. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  68. Piénkowska, A. (2018). Mesopotamian incense burners from the third and second millennia bc: An archaeological approach. In B. Horejs, C. Schwall, V. Müller, M. Luciani, M. Ritter, M. Giudetti, R. B. Salisbury, F. Höflmayer & T. Bürge (Eds.), Proceedings, of the 10th international congress on the archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 25-29 april 2016, Vienna (315-327). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
  69. Pizzimenti, S. A. (2014). Light in the darkness some hints on fire perception and rituality as represented in 2nd mill. bc Mesopotamian glyptic, In P. Bieliński, M. Gawlikowski, R. Koliński, D. Ławecka, A. Sołtysiak & Z. Wygnańska (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 30 april-4 may 2012, University of Warsaw (61-71). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
  70. Reyhan, E. (2016). Hitit kültür dünyasında bayram ritüelleri. International periodical for the languages, literature and history of Turkish or Turkic, 11(16), 89-114. google scholar
  71. Rudik, N. (2011). Die Entwicklung der keilschriftlichen sumerischen Beschwörungsliteratur von den Anfängen bis zur Ur III-Zeit [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. google scholar
  72. Scurlock, J. (2006). Magico-medical means of treating ghost-induced illnesses in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill-Styx. google scholar
  73. Scurlock, J. (2014). Sourcebook for Ancient Mesopotamian medicine. SBL Press. google scholar
  74. Staub, P. O., Geck, M. S. & Weckerle, C. S. (2011). Incense and ritual plant use in Soutwest Chine: A case study among the Bai in Shaxi. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(43), 1-16. google scholar
  75. Steinert, U. (2018). The Assur Medical Catalogue (AMC), In U. Steinert (Ed.), Assyrian and Babylonian scholarly text catalogues (203-291). Walter de Gruyter. google scholar
  76. Stockhammer, P. W. (2012). Performing the Practise Turn in Archaeology, Transcultural Studies 1, 7-42. google scholar
  77. Süel, M. (2015). Ortaköy-Şapinuva 2014 kazı çalışmaları, Ö. Bilgi & R. İbiş (Eds.), 5. Çorum kazı ve araştırmalar sempozyumu, 10 aralık 2015, Çorum. (169-184). Ankara. google scholar
  78. Tarhan, İ., Massa, M., Türkteki, M. & Türkteki, S. (2023). Toward an understanding of the exchange in ancient scented oil through organic residue analysis of Bronze Age Near Eastern ceramic bottles by GC-MS. Archaeometry, (65), 833-849. google scholar
  79. Tatomir, R. G. (2016). To cause ‘to make divine’ through smpke: Ancient Egyptian incense and perfume. An inter- and transdisciplinary re-evolution of aromatic biotic materials used by the Ancient Egyptians. In A. Panaite, R. Cîrjan & C. Căpiţă (Eds.), Meosica et Christiana: Studies in honour of Proffessor Alexandru Barnea (683-694). Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei “Carol I”. google scholar
  80. Türker, A. (2008). Assur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı'nda Acemhöyük çanak çömleği [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Ankara Üniversitesi. google scholar
  81. Ünal, A. (1996). The Hittite ritual of Ḫantitaššu from the city of Ḫurma against troublesome years. Turkish Historical Society Printing House. google scholar
  82. Ünal, A. (2003). Hititler devrinde Anadolu II. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  83. Ünal, A. (2016). Hititçe-Türkçe, Türkçe-Hititçe büyük sözlük: Hattice, Hurrice, hiyeroglif Luvicesi, çivi yazısı Luvicesi ve Palaca sözlük listeleriyle birlikte. Bilgin, Kültür, Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  84. Vigo, M. (2014). The use of (perfumed) oil in Hittite rituals with particular emphasis on funerary practices. Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Archaeology, (01), 25-37. google scholar
  85. Yadav, V. K., Choudhary, N., Khan, S. H. & Khayal, A. (2020). Incense and incense sticks: Types components, origin and their religious beliefs and importance among different religious. Journal of Bio-Science, 1420-1439. google scholar
  86. Yılmaz Çalışkan, G. (2022). İslamiyet’te buhur geleneği ve İran üretimi seramik buhurdan örnekleri. ERDEM, (82), 170-190. google scholar
  87. Zwickel, W. (1990). Räucherkult und Räuchergeräte: Exegetische und archäologische Studien zum Räucheropfer im Alten Testament. Universitätsverlag-Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. google scholar
  88. Electronic References google scholar
  89. Citrus bergamia (2024, 25 May). https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=10698 google scholar
  90. Citrus lime group (2024, 25 May). https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=10683 google scholar
  91. Citrus sweet orange group (2024, 25 May). https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=10782 google scholar
  92. Incense (2024, 12 May). https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Incense google scholar
  93. Kükürt (2024, 12 March). https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/bilgi-merkezi/kukurt google scholar
  94. Luke 1: New international version. (2024, 21 June). https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%201&version=NIV google scholar Wilkinson, C. K. Funeral ritual in garden, Tomb of Minnakht (2024, 25 May). https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544601 google scholar