THE PERCEPTIONS OF MUSICIANS ON SUB-SKILLS OF MUSICAL PERFORMANCE

MÜZİK PERFORMANSININ ALT BECERİ ALANLARINA İLİŞKİN MÜZİSYENLERİN ALGILARI

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determine the perceptions of proffessional musicians and music students on sub-skills of musical performance. Phenomenology had been used as qualitative research approaches. In the direction of the releated literature, musical skills, technical-instrumental skills, study- learning skills, presentation- stage skills and life skills releated to performance were established. An electronic form consisting of open- ended questions had been prepared to get musicians’ opinions on each title. Musicians were asked to list the skills, behaviors, situations and activities under the relevant titles. Responses given by musicians were analyzed by using the Maxquda 10 qualitative analysis program and the themes were created. For the validity and reliability study of the themes, the data set was shared with two field experts to review the codes and themes. In line with expert opinions, the analysis had been finalized. As a result of the analysis, musical skills was classified ad basic and upper level skills. In technical- instrumental skills, spesific techniques of the instrument, physical skills, speed, intonation, theoretical knowlegde, musicality, exercises and instrumental care skills had emerged. The collecitive playing skills had been examined under the heading of factors affecting group Dynamics, individual skilss and musical skills. Two general categories emerged as strategies and practical solution in study-learning skills. Presentation- stage skills were examined in two general titles, pre-presentation and presentation skills. In life skills releated to performance, experience, study, health and organizational skills had emerged. There are various classifications in the literature releated to the sub-skills of performance, which are created for different purposes. It can be said that the categories that emerged in this study supports previous research. In additions to the litarature, musicians had taken different concepts of musicality and interpretation. Musicians pointed out that it is important to have basic care skills in their instruments. In addition, as part of life skills releated to performance, musicians talked about organizational skills.It is possible to come across many researches on sub-skills of music performance from different diciplines such as musicology, psychology and educational sciences. It is observed that these studies are mostly designed to understand and measure the performance. The process of measuring and evaluating performance has caused the need to identify sub-skill areas. Rubrics and forms designed to measure and evaluate music performance at different levels for use in school or competition are included in the literature. However, a holistic approach requires to determine musicians' perceptions on sub-skills in all areas of performance. In this research, rather than measuring the performance; musical, technical, study, presentation and life skills that form and support performance is investigated. In the light of this point of view, the purpose of this research is to determine the perceptions of proffessional musicians and music students on sub-skills of musical performance. Method Phenomenology had been used as qualitative research approaches. In the direction of the releated literature, musical skills, technicalinstrumental skills, study- learning skills, presentation- stage skills and life skills releated to performance were established. An electronic form consisting of open- ended questions had been prepared to get musicians’ opinions on each title. Musicians were asked to list the skills, behaviors, situations and activities under the relevant titles. Responses given by musicians were analyzed by using the Maxquda 10 qualitative analysis program and the themes were created. For the validity and reliability study of the themes, the data set was shared with two field experts to review the codes and themes. In line with expert opinions, the analysis had been finalized. Results As a result of the analysis, performance skills was classified under the titles of musical, technique, study, presentation and life skills can be seen below. Musical Skills: The musicians participating in the research gave a wide range of answers about musical skills. Responses are grouped into basic skills and high-level skills. Basic skills have been examined in two subcategories as instrumental and musical theories. According to musicians, "Overcoming technical problems is a precondition for the realization of musical skills". Musicians have stated that skills such as posture, intonation, correct use of techniques specific to the instrument (bow, breath, touch, etc.), and the ability to play a correct tone from the instrument can be grouped under the title of musical skills. One of the sub-titles of basic skills is knowledge of music theories. According to musicians, hearing, field knowledge (music history, theories, etc.), harmonic analysis, rhythm and note reading ability constitute the infrastructure of a successful music performance. High-level skills contains three subtitles as interpratation, musiquality and improvisation. According to musicians, musicality is the correct play of the marks, such as speed, freedom, and nuance, written in the note. Musicians have used the expression "interpretation" in situations where "they do not write in the notes, but the musician has formed his or her own playing style within the framework of his musical, cultural and intellectual accumulations". Technical- Instrumental Skills: As a result of content analysis; specific techniques, physical skills, speed, intonation, theoretical knowledge, musicality, exercises and instrumental care have emerged under the title of technical- instrumental skills. Here, each subtitle examined under the technical instrumental title reflects different aspects of a holistic performance. As can be seen from the musicians' views, each sub-skill is considered to be a successor or a

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı müzik performansının alt beceri alanlarına ilişkin profesyonel müzik eğitimi almış ve almakta olan müzisyenlerin algılarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Durum tespitine yönelik bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından fenomenoloji kullanılmıştır. İlgili literatür doğrultusunda müzikal beceriler, teknik- çalgısal beceriler, çalışmaöğrenme becerileri, sunum- sahne becerileri ve performansla ilgili olarak yaşam becerileri başlıkları oluşturulmuştur. Her bir başlıkla ilgili olarak müzisyenlerin görüşlerini almak üzere açık uçlu sorulardan oluşan elektronik bir form hazırlanmıştır. Müzisyenlerden ilgili başlıklar altında yer aldıklarını düşündükleri beceri, davranış, durum ve etkinlikleri sıralamaları istenmiştir. Müzisyenlerin vermiş oldukları yanıtlar Maxquda 10 nitel analiz programı kullanılarak içerik analizi yapılmış ve temalar oluşturulmuştur. Temaların geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması için veri seti iki alan uzmanı ile paylaşılarak kodlama ve temalar gözden geçirilmiştir. Uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda analiz son haline getirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda müziksel beceriler, temel ve üst düzey beceriler olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Teknik- çalgısal becerilerde çalgıya özgü teknikler, bedensel beceriler, hız, entonasyon, kuramsal bilgi, müzikalite, egzersizler ve çalgı bakım becerileri kategorileri ortaya çıkmıştır. Toplu çalma becerileri, grup dinamiğini etkileyen unsurlar, bireysel beceriler ve müziksel beceriler başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Çalışma- öğrenme becerilerinde stratejiler ve pratik çözümler olarak genel iki kategori ortaya çıkmıştır. Sunum- sahne becerileri sunum öncesi ve sunum sırası beceriler olmak üzere iki genel başlıkta incelenmiştir. Performansla ilgili yaşam becerilerinde de deneyim, çalışma, sağlık ve organizasyon becerileri ortaya çıkmıştır. Performansın alt beceri alanlarına ilişkin literatürde farklı amaçlarla oluşturulmuş çeşitli sınıflamalar bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmada ortaya çıkan kategorilerin önceki araştırmalarla büyük ölçüde örtüştüğü söylenebilir. Literatüre ek olarak müzisyenler müzikalite ve yorumlama kavramlarını farklı ele almışlardır. Müzisyenler çalgılarıyla ilgili temel bakım becerilerine sahip olmanın önemli olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca, performansa ilişkin yaşam becerileri kapsamında müzisyenler bahsetmişlerdir. Zihinsel çalışmalar ve teknoloji kullanımı ile ilgili ek çalışmalar yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. literatüre ek olarak organizasyon becerilerinden