Journals / Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi / 2019 / Cilt: 34 - Sayı: 1

British Council, Village Institutes and Searching the Ways of the Cultural Diplomacy on the War Circumstances

British Council, Köy Enstitüleri ve Savaş Ortamında Kültürel Diplomasinin Yollarını Aramak

Pages
23–48
Publication Date
2019-07-26
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Based on the British Council documents examined for this study, it has been attempted to shed light from a different window to the Village Institutes, which were born from the conditions of the day between the reforms initiated in the Republic period.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In Turkey after the proclamation of the Republic, a modern state structure by speeding up the revolution in political life was to be formed.
📊
Key Findings & Data:On the other hand, the issue of educating citizens after the adoption of Latin letters in 1928 was one of the main agenda items of the period.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Based on the British Council documents examined for this study, it has been attempted to shed light from a different window to the Village Institutes, which were born from the conditions of the day between the reforms initiated in the Republic period.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Köy Enstitüleri · British Council · Young Farmers’

Abstract

In Turkey after the proclamation of the Republic, a modern state structure by speeding up the revolution in political life was to be formed. With the radical reforms in the first years of the Republic, not only administrative modernization was targeted, but also important steps were taken to transform the social structure. However, unlike the short-term change that is expected in the political sphere, it is not easy to transform the toughened human capital that has been taken over from the Ottoman Empire and has been pushed back into the past. First and foremost, the fact that the aggregated literacy of the urban centers was quite low compared to the general population was a serious problem faced by the Republican administrators. On the other hand, the issue of educating citizens after the adoption of Latin letters in 1928 was one of the main agenda items of the period. As is known, intensive efforts have been made in the first years of the Republic in order to obtain qualified human capital, which is one of the basic dynamics of social development. In this direction, with the Village Institutes Law No. 3803, adopted on 17 April 1940, it was tried to reach the regions lacking school and teacher and answer the educational needs of the provinces. Contrary to the general acceptance of the Village Institutes, this system has not only tried to educate teachers, but also a new human profile who are technicians, health personnel and aware of modern agricultural techniques have been tried to be educated. It is known that the Village Institutes had been in the process of transformation since the late 1940s, it should be taken into consideration that these institutes are a unique example of Anatolian enlightenment. Indeed, Village Institutes, which were subject to correspondence with headquarters in London and the British Council officials who were active in the said period in Turkey, have been found unique and remarkably successful. Moreover, at the initiative of British Council authorities it has been tried to establish cooperation on the basis of education between the Village Institutes and the Young Farmers Club, which carries out similar activities in England. In fact, the British Council authorities have tried to create cooperation with the Village Institutes in order to implement a student exchange program that could be considered radical for that period. Based on the British Council documents examined for this study, it has been attempted to shed light from a different window to the Village Institutes, which were born from the conditions of the day between the reforms initiated in the Republic period.

Özet

Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilandan sonra siyasal alandaki devrimlere hız verilmesiyle çağdaş bir devlet yapısı oluşturulmak istenmiş, girişilen radikal reformlarla yalnızca idari modernleşme hedeflenmemiş, bunun yanında toplumsal yapının da dönüştürülmesi için önemli adımlar atılmıştır. Ancak, siyasal alanda umulan değişimin kısa sürede elde edilmesinden farklı olarak, Osmanlı’dan devralınan katılaşmış ve geri plana itilmiş insan sermayesini dönüştürmek bilindiği gibi kolay olmamıştır. Her şeyden önce, şehir merkezlerinde toplulaşmış okur-yazar kesimin genel nüfusa göre oldukça düşük bir oranı teşkil etmesi, Cumhuriyet idarecilerinin yüz yüze kaldıkları ciddi bir sorundur. Öte yandan 1928 yılında Latin harflerinin kabulünden sonra vatandaşların eğitilmesi meselesi dönemin temel gündem maddelerinden birini oluşturmuştur. Bilindiği gibi, toplumsal kalkınmanın temel dinamiklerinden biri olan nitelikli insan sermayesinin elde edilmesi için Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında yoğun çabalar sarf edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda 17 Nisan 1940 tarihinde kabul edilen 3803 sayılı Köy Enstitüleri Kanunu ile okul ve öğretmenden yoksun bölgelere ulaşılmaya çalışılarak taşranın eğitim ihtiyacına cevap verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Köy Enstitüleri ile ilgili genel kabulün aksine bu sistemle yalnızca öğretmen değil, aynı zamanda teknisyen, sağlık personeli ve modern tarım tekniklerinden haberdar eğitimli yeni bir insan profili yetiştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Köy Enstitüleri’nin 1940’ların sonlarından itibaren, bir dönüşüm sürecine girildiği bilinmekle birlikte, bu enstitülerin Anadolu aydınlanmasının özgün bir örneği olduğu gerçeği göz önünde tutulmalıdır. Nitekim bahse konu olan dönemde Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren British Council yetkililerinin Londra’daki merkez büroyla yazışmalarına konu olan Köy Enstitüleri özgün ve dikkat çekici ölçüde başarılı bulunmuştur. Dahası, British Council yetkililerinin girişimleriyle Köy Enstitüleri ve İngiltere’de benzer faaliyetler yürüten Young Farmers Club arasında eğitim temelinde işbirliği kurulması için çalışılmıştır. Hatta o dönem için radikal sayılabilecek öğrenci değişim programı gibi uygulamalar için de British Council yetkilileri Köy Enstitüleriyle işbirliği olanağı yaratmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu çalışmada incelenen British Council evrakından yola çıkılarak Cumhuriyet döneminde girişilen reformlar arasında günün şartlarından doğmuş, özgün bir uygulama olan Köy Enstitülerine farklı bir pencereden ışık tutulmaya çalışılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

BABAOĞLU, R. (2019). British Council, Village Institutes and Searching the Ways of the Cultural Diplomacy on the War Circumstances. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, Cilt: 34 - Sayı: 1, 23–48. https://ajindex.com/articles/71259

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (15)

  1. Adam 1949 Ronald Adam, “British Cultural Relations with other Nations”, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, 94 (Feb., 1, 1949), s. 368-378. Akyüz 2007
  2. Yahya Akyüz, Türk Eğitim Tarihi, M.Ö. 1000-M.S. 2007,
  3. Pagem A Yayıncılık, Ankara. Apaydın 2014
  4. Talip Apaydın, Köy Enstitüleri Yılları, Literatür Yayınları, İstanbul. Arndt 2005
  5. Richard T. Arndt, The First Resort of Kings, American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, Potomac Books, Inc. Washington, D.C. Ashkenazi 2007
  6. Jennifer Ashkenazi, Atatürk, Islam, Modernity and Turkish Education: A Comparative, Historical Analysis, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Atatürk’ün Maarife Ait Direktifleri, Maarif Matbaası, İstanbul 1939. Atherton 1994 Louise Atherton, “Lord Lloyd at the British Council and the Balkan Front, 1937-1940”,
  7. The International History Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, (Feb., 1994), s. 25-48. Başaran 1974
  8. M. Başaran, Tonguç Yolu, Köy Enstitüleri: Devrimci Eğitim, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul. Beeley 1971 Harol Beeley, “The Changing Role of British Propaganda”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 398, Propaganda in International Affairs, (Nov., 1971), s.124-129. Corse 2013
  9. Edward Corse, A Battle for Neutral Europe, British Cultural Propaganda During the Second World War, Bloomsbury, London, 2013. Cummings 2003
  10. M. C. Cummings, Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Center for Arts and Culture, Washington D.C. Çiçek 2012 Nazan Çiçek, “The Role of Mass Education in Nation-Building in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, 1870-1930”, in Mass Education and the Limits of State Building, c.1870-1930, edt. Laurence Brocklis-Nicola Sheldon, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, s. 224-251. Donaldson 1984
  11. Frances Donaldson, The British Council: The First Fifty Years, J. Cape, London. Finn 2003 Helena K. Finn, “The Case for Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 6, (Nov.,-Dec., 2003), s.15-20. Fisher 2009
  12. Ali Fisher, A Story of Engagement the British Council 1934-2009,
  13. Counterpoint, British Council, 75 Years of Cultural Relations. Fyvel 1951 T. B. Fyvel, “British Council”, New Statesman and Nation, Vol.41, (March 31 1951), s. 363. Gillan 1952 Angus Gillan, “the British Council”, The Contemporary Review, 181, (Jan., 1 1952), s. 26-30. Gündüz 2016
  14. Mustafa Gündüz, The Radical Transformations and Deep Continuities of a Decade: Turkish Educational Policy, 1938-1950”,
  15. Paedagogica Historia, Vol. 52:3, s. 252-2