Journals / Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni / 2017 / Cilt: 51 - Sayı: 1

Basic Principles and Standardization of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring in Thyroid Surgery

Tiroit cerrahisinde intraoperatif sinir monitorizasyonunun temel prensipleri ve standardizasyonu

Pages
13–25
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a method that contributes to many aspects of thyroidectomy and increases the standards of thyroidectomy, together with significant contribution to the detection and functional evaluation of both RLN and EBSLN

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Basic principles and standardization of intraoperative nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery Voice changes after thyroid surgery are frequent and one of the most important complications.
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Key Findings & Data:Intraoperative neuromonitoring was introduced 50 years ago in thyroid surgery and IONM via endotracheal tube with surface electrodes has become a standard applied method for reasons such as convenience, simplicity, non-invasiveness and safety, and nowadays is used in thyroid surgery.
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Conclusion & Impact:Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a method that contributes to many aspects of thyroidectomy and increases the standards of thyroidectomy, together with significant contribution to the detection and functional evaluation of both RLN and EBSLN
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Domain Parameters

Abstract

Basic principles and standardization of intraoperative nerve monitoring in thyroid surgery Voice changes after thyroid surgery are frequent and one of the most important complications. Both the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) must be preserved to minimize the patient’s voice and respiratory problems after surgery. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is a method based on dynamically evaluating motor function of the nerve during surgery in addition to the visual identification of the nerve. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was introduced 50 years ago in thyroid surgery and IONM via endotracheal tube with surface electrodes has become a standard applied method for reasons such as convenience, simplicity, non-invasiveness and safety, and nowadays is used in thyroid surgery. The use of IONM for RLN and EBSLN is increasing in thyroid surgery. Experience and standardization is essential for proper use of IONM for both anesthesiologist and surgeon. In this context, the learning curve for both surgeons and anesthetists is about 50-100 cases. Intraoperative neuromonitoring makes a significant contribution to the identification and functional evaluation of both RLN and EBSLN. RLN monitorisation can be performed intermittently with the monitoring probe or continuously with the aid of a probe applied to the vagus. Standardization of RLN monitoring includes the vocal cord examination via preoperative laryngoscopy (L1), getting signals from ipsilateral vagus prior to RLN dissection (V1), stimulation of RLN at the first point found in the tracheoesophageal groove (R1), stimulation of the RLN from the most proximal point it was revealed after the dissection was completed (R2), vagus stimulation after surgical site bleeding control is complete (V2), vocal cord examination via postoperative laryngoscopy (L2). V2 is the most appropriate test to predict postoperative vocal cord function. In the intermittent IONM of RLN, only the nerve stimulated by the probe and the point that the nerve is stimulated inform about the function of the distal part. Continuous IONM allows continuous follow-up of RLN function while dissecting the thyroid gland by continuous stimulation of the RLN with the probe applied to the vagus at the neck before RLN leaves the vagus. Primarily in EBSLN monitoring, the contraction of the cricothyroid muscle, which is located in the surgical field and whose motor neuron is EBSLN, is evaluated. Intraoperative neuromonitoring is a method that contributes to many aspects of thyroidectomy and increases the standards of thyroidectomy, together with significant contribution to the detection and functional evaluation of both RLN and EBSLN

Özet

Tiroit cerrahisinde intraoperatif sinir monitorizasyonunun temel prensipleri ve standardizasyonuTiroit cerrahisi sonrası oluşan sesle ilgili problemler sık ve en önemli komplikasyonlardandır. Cerrahi sonrası hastanın ses ve solunum problemlerini minimalize edebilmek için hem reküren laringeal sinirin (RLS) hem de süperior laringeal sinirin eksternal dalının (SLSE) korunması gerekir. İntraoperatif nöromonitorizasyon (İONM) sinirin gözle görülmesine ek olarak ameliyat sırasında sinirin motor fonksiyonlarının dinamik olarak değerlendirilmesi temeline dayanan bir yöntemdir. Tiroit cerrahisinde İONM 50 yıl önce kullanılmaya başlanmış ve yüzey elektrotlu endotrakeal tüp ile İONM; amaca uygunluk, basitlik, noninvazif olma ve güvenlilik gibi nedenlerle standart uygulanan yöntem haline gelmiş olup, günümüzde tiroit cerrahisinde bu yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Tiroit cerrahisinde RLS ve SLSE için İONM kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. İONM'nin uygun kullanımı için hem anestezist hem cerrah için deneyim ve standardizasyonu şarttır. Bu bağlamda hem cerrahların hem de anestezistler için öğrenme eğrisi yaklaşık 50-100 arası olgudur. İONM hem RLS hem SLSE'nin bulunmasında ve fonksiyonel olarak değerlendirilmesinde önemli katkı sağlar. RLS monitorizasyonu monitorizasyon probu ile aralıklı veya vagusa uygulanan prob yardımı ile sürekli olarak uygulanabilir. RLS monitorizasyonunun standardizasyonu; preoperatif laringoskopi ile vokal kord muayenesi (L1), RLS diseksiyonu öncesi aynı taraf vagustan uyarı alınması (V1), RLS'nin trakeaozefageal olukta ilk bulunduğu noktada uyarılması (R1), diseksiyon bittikten sonra RLS'nin ortaya konduğu en proksimal noktasından uyarılması (R2), cerrahi alanda kanama kontrolü tamamlandıktan sonra vagusun uyarılması (V2), postoperatif laringoskopi ile vokal kord muayenesini (L2) içerir. V2 postoperatif vokal kord fonksiyonunu öngörmede en uygun testtir. RLS aralıklı İONM'sinde sadece sinirin probla uyarıldığı an ve sinirin uyarıldığı nokta distalinin fonksiyonu hakkında bilgi verir. Sürekli İONM ise RLS'nin vagustan ayrılmadan önce boyunda vagusa uygulanan probla yapılan devamlı uyarı sayesinde cerraha tiroidi diseke ederken RLS fonksiyonunun sürekli takip edilmesini sağlar. SLSE monitorizasyonunda primer olarak ameliyat sahasında bulunan ve SLSE'nin motor siniri olduğu krikotiroid kasın kasılması değerlendirilir. İONM hem RLS hem SLSE'nin bulunmasında ve fonksiyonel olarak değerlendirilmesinde önemli katkı sağlaması ile birlikte tiroidektomiye birçok açıdan katkı sağlayan ve tiroidektominin standartlarını arttıran bir yöntemdir

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Cite This Article

ULUDAĞ, M., AYGÜN, N., KAYA, C., TANAL, M., OBA, S., İŞGÖR, A. (2017). Basic Principles and Standardization of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring in Thyroid Surgery. Şişli Etfal Hastanesi Tıp Bülteni, Cilt: 51 - Sayı: 1, 13–25. https://ajindex.com/articles/364223

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